LaTeX for Geography: Maps, Coordinates, and Spatial Data Visualization

\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{caption}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figures/regional-map.pdf}
  \caption{Study area: San Francisco Bay Area}
  \label{fig:study-area}
\end{figure}

\usepackage{siunitx}

% Decimal degrees
Location: \SI{40.7128}{\degree}N, \SI{74.0060}{\degree}W

% Degrees, minutes, seconds
Coordinates: 40°42'46"N, 74°0'22"W

% Using geopos package
\usepackage{geopos}
\geopos{40.7128}{-74.0060}  % New York City

\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{graphicx}

\begin{tikzpicture}
  % Include the base map
  \node[anchor=south west, inner sep=0] (map) at (0,0)
    {\includegraphics[width=10cm]{map.png}};

  % Get map dimensions
  \begin{scope}[x={(map.south east)}, y={(map.north west)}]
    % Add markers at relative positions (0-1 scale)
    \fill[red] (0.45, 0.60) circle (3pt)
      node[above right, font=\small] {City A};

    \fill[blue] (0.70, 0.35) circle (3pt)
      node[above right, font=\small] {City B};

    % Draw a route
    \draw[thick, orange, ->] (0.45, 0.60) -- (0.70, 0.35);

    % Add a scale bar
    \draw[thick] (0.05, 0.05) -- (0.15, 0.05);
    \node[below, font=\tiny] at (0.10, 0.05) {100 km};
  \end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}

\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric, arrows.meta, positioning, decorations.pathmorphing}

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.2]
  % === Coastline (irregular path) ===
  \draw[blue!60, line width=1.5pt, decorate,
        decoration={random steps, segment length=3mm, amplitude=1mm}]
    (0,3) -- (2,3.2) -- (4,2.8) -- (6,3.1) -- (8,3);

  % === Land area ===
  \fill[green!20] (0,0) rectangle (8,3);

  % === Ocean ===
  \fill[blue!15] (0,3) rectangle (8,5);

  % === Cities ===
  \foreach \name/\x/\y in {
    Capital/4/1.5,
    Port City/1/2.5,
    Inland Town/6/1
  } {
    \fill[red] (\x,\y) circle (3pt);
    \node[above, font=\small\bfseries] at (\x,\y) {\name};
  }

  % === Roads ===
  \draw[gray, thick, dashed] (1,2.5) -- (4,1.5) -- (6,1);

  % === River ===
  \draw[blue, line width=1pt, decorate,
        decoration={snake, amplitude=1mm, segment length=5mm}]
    (3,0) -- (3.5,1.5) -- (4,1.5);

  % === Labels ===
  \node[font=\large\bfseries, blue!70] at (4,4) {Ocean};
  \node[font=\large\bfseries, green!50!black] at (4,0.5) {Country Name};

  % === Compass rose ===
  \draw[->, thick] (7.5,0.3) -- (7.5,0.8) node[above, font=\tiny] {N};
  \draw[->, thick] (7.5,0.3) -- (8.0,0.3) node[right, font=\tiny] {E};

  % === Scale bar ===
  \draw[thick] (0.2,0.2) -- (1.2,0.2);
  \node[below, font=\tiny] at (0.7,0.2) {50 km};
\end{tikzpicture}

\usepackage{pgfplots}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.18}

% Bar chart of regional data
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
  title={Population by Region},
  xlabel={Region},
  ylabel={Population (millions)},
  symbolic x coords={North, South, East, West, Central},
  xtick=data,
  ybar,
  bar width=0.5cm,
  nodes near coords,
  ymin=0,
  width=10cm,
  height=7cm,
]
\addplot coordinates {
  (North,  4.2)
  (South,  7.8)
  (East,   5.1)
  (West,   9.3)
  (Central, 3.6)
};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
  title={Cities: Population vs Elevation},
  xlabel={Elevation (m)},
  ylabel={Population (thousands)},
  grid=major,
  width=10cm,
  height=8cm,
]
\addplot[only marks, mark=*, mark size=3pt, blue]
  coordinates {
    (10,  8500)   % coastal city
    (450, 2300)   % mid-elevation
    (1200, 800)   % mountain city
    (2800, 150)   % high altitude
    (50,  12000)  % large coastal
  };

% Label specific points
\node[above right] at (axis cs:50,12000) {Capital};
\node[above right] at (axis cs:10,8500)  {Port City};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}

% Note: requires internet connection during compilation
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-osm}  % if available in your TeX distribution

% Or use the standalone approach:
% 1. Export map tile from OpenStreetMap
% 2. Include as image
% 3. Overlay TikZ annotations

\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{siunitx}

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Major Cities: Coordinates and Population}
  \begin{tabular}{lSSS}
    \toprule
    City & {Latitude (°N)} & {Longitude (°E)} & {Population (M)} \\
    \midrule
    Tokyo      & 35.68 & 139.69 & 13.96 \\
    New York   & 40.71 & -74.01 &  8.34 \\
    London     & 51.51 &  -0.13 &  8.98 \\
    Sydney     & -33.87 & 151.21 &  5.31 \\
    São Paulo  & -23.55 & -46.63 & 12.33 \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}

% Use landscape orientation for wide maps
\usepackage{pdflscape}
\begin{landscape}
  \begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{wide-map.pdf}
    \caption{Regional overview}
  \end{figure}
\end{landscape}

% Consistent coordinate formatting
\newcommand{\coord}[2]{%
  \SI{#1}{\degree}N, \SI{#2}{\degree}E%
}
Location: \coord{40.71}{-74.01}

% Cross-reference maps in text
As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:study-area}, the study area
encompasses three distinct climate zones.