DePIN: Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks Complete Guide 2026

class HeliumHotspot:
    """Participate in Helium wireless network."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.iot_mode = "full"  # or "light"
        self.rewards = 0
        self.witnesses = []
    
    def setup(self):
        # Configure hotspot
        config = {
            "mode": self.iot_mode,
            "location": self.get_gps_location(),
            "elevation": self.get_elevation(),
            "antenna": "standard"
        }
        
        return config
    
    def earn_rewards(self):
        # Rewards come from:
        # 1. Transmitting device data (IOT)
        # 2. PoC (Proof of Coverage)
        # 3. Witnessing other hotspots
        
        # Calculate earnings
        return {
            "iot_transmissions": self.data_packets,
            "poc_challenges": self.challenges,
            "witnesses": self.witnesses_count,
            "total_hnt": self.calculate_rewards()
        }
    
    def participate_poc(self, challenge):
        # Proof of Coverage challenges
        # 1. Challenge received
        # 2. Emit witness beacons
        # 3. Report results
        
        if challenge.type == "challenge_beacon":
            return self._handle_beacon_challenge(challenge)
        elif challenge.type == "challenge_witness":
            return self._handle_witness_challenge(challenge)
    
    def calculate_rewards(self):
        # Reward formula based on:
        # - Network scale
        # - Location density
        # - Data transfer
        # - PoC participation
        
        base_rate = 0.5  # HNT per epoch
        density_multiplier = self._calculate_density_multiplier()
        data_transfer_multiplier = self._calculate_data_multiplier()
        
        return base_rate * density_multiplier * data_transfer_multiplier

class MobileDePIN:
    """Mobile network DePIN implementation."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.small_cells = {}
        self.coverage_map = CoverageMap()
    
    def deploy_small_cell(self, location, capacity):
        """Deploy cellular infrastructure."""
        
        cell = {
            "id": self._generate_id(),
            "location": location,
            "capacity_mbps": capacity,
            "operator": self.operator_address,
            "status": "active",
            "earnings_accrued": 0
        }
        
        self.small_cells[cell["id"]] = cell
        
        # Join network
        self._register_cell(cell)
        
        return cell
    
    def provide_coverage(self, user_location):
        """User connects via DePIN network."""
        
        # Find nearest cells
        nearby_cells = self.coverage_map.find_nearest(
            user_location,
            max_distance=500  # meters
        )
        
        # Route through best cell
        best_cell = self._select_best_cell(nearby_cells)
        
        return {
            "connected": True,
            "cell_id": best_cell.id,
            "signal_strength": best_cell.signal_at(user_location),
            "data_rate": best_cell.allocate_rate(user_location.demand)
        }
    
    def claim_rewards(self, cell_id):
        """Claim earnings for providing coverage."""
        
        cell = self.small_cells[cell_id]
        period = self._get_reward_period(cell)
        
        # Calculate rewards based on:
        # - Coverage provided (GB)
        # - Quality of service
        # - Availability
        
        rewards = self._calculate_coverage_rewards(cell, period)
        
        # Transfer tokens
        self._transfer_tokens(self.operator, rewards)
        
        return rewards

class FilecoinProvider:
    """Provide storage in Filecoin network."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.storage_capacity_tb = 0
        self.active_deals = {}
        self.earnings = 0
    
    def pledge_storage(self, capacity_tb):
        """Pledge storage to network."""
        
        # Create pledge
        pledge = {
            "sector_size": "32GiB",  # or 64GiB
            "sectors_pledged": capacity_tb * 32,  # sectors per TB
            "collateral": self._calculate_collateral(capacity_tb),
            "term": 180  # days minimum
        }
        
        # Lock collateral
        self._lock_collateral(pledge["collateral"])
        
        # Register with network
        self._register_miner(pledge)
        
        self.storage_capacity_tb += capacity_tb
        
        return pledge
    
    def accept_storage_deal(self, deal):
        """Accept storage deal from client."""
        
        # Verify deal terms
        assert deal.size <= self.available_capacity()
        assert deal.duration <= 540  # max 540 days
        
        # Seal sector
        sector = self._seal_data(
            deal.client_data,
            deal.sector_size
        )
        
        # Store sector
        self._store_sector(sector)
        
        # Start proving
        self._start_proving(sector)
        
        self.active_deals[deal.id] = {
            "sector": sector,
            "client": deal.client,
            "start_epoch": self.current_epoch,
            "end_epoch": deal.start_epoch + deal.duration
        }
    
    def proving_rewards(self):
        """Earn from proving storage."""
        
        rewards = 0
        
        for deal_id, deal in self.active_deals.items():
            # Windowed PoSt rewards
            if self._completed_proof(deal.sector):
                rewards += self._calculate_proving_reward(deal)
            
            # Deal quality multiplier
            if deal.client_reputation > 0.8:
                rewards *= 1.25  # 25% bonus for verified deals
        
        return rewards

class ArweaveProvider:
    """Arweave permaweb storage."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.storage_provided = 0
        self.challenges_answered = 0
    
    def initialize(self, capacity_gb):
        """Initialize storage node."""
        
        self.storage_capacity_gb = capacity_gb
        
        # Join network
        self._join_network()
        
        # Start responding to challenges
        self._start_challenge_response()
    
    def store_data(self, data, tags):
        """Store data permanently."""
        
        # Create transaction
        tx = {
            "owner": self.wallet_address,
            "data": data,
            "tags": tags,
            "data_size": len(data)
        }
        
        # Calculate reward
        reward = self._calculate_storage_reward(
            data_size=len(data),
            tags=tags,
            guaranteed_years=100
        )
        
        # Submit to network
        tx_id = self._submit_transaction(tx)
        
        return {
            "transaction_id": tx_id,
            "reward": reward,
            "bundled": True
        }
    
    def prove_storage(self, challenge):
        """Respond to storage challenge."""
        
        # Build proof of storage
        proof = self._build_proof(
            challenge.data_hash,
            self.stored_data
        )
        
        # Submit proof
        verified = self._submit_proof(challenge.id, proof)
        
        if verified:
            self.challenges_answered += 1
            return self._calculate_challenge_reward(challenge)
        
        return 0

class RenderNetwork:
    """GPU compute DePIN."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.gpu_capacity = {}
        self.active_jobs = {}
    
    def register_gpu(self, gpu_specs):
        """Register GPU capacity."""
        
        # Validate GPU specs
        assert gpu_specs["memory_gb"] >= 16
        assert gpu_specs["cuda_cores"] >= 2048
        
        node = {
            "id": self._generate_node_id(),
            "specs": gpu_specs,
            "status": "available",
            "price_per_hour": self._calculate_price(gpu_specs)
        }
        
        self.gpu_capacity[node["id"]] = node
        
        return node
    
    def accept_job(self, job_spec):
        """Accept rendering/compute job."""
        
        # Verify GPU can handle job
        required_gpu = job_spec["gpu_requirements"]
        suitable_nodes = [
            n for n in self.gpu_capacity.values()
            if self._can_handle(n, required_gpu)
        ]
        
        if not suitable_nodes:
            raise NoCapacityError()
        
        # Select best node
        node = self._select_node(suitable_nodes, job_spec)
        
        # Execute job
        result = self._execute_job(node, job_spec)
        
        # Calculate payment
        payment = self._calculate_payment(
            duration=result["duration"],
            price=node["price_per_hour"]
        )
        
        # Transfer payment
        self._transfer_payment(job_spec["client"], payment)
        
        return result
    
    def _execute_job(self, node, job_spec):
        """Execute rendering job."""
        
        if job_spec["type"] == "render":
            return self._render_frame(node, job_spec)
        elif job_spec["type"] == "ml_training":
            return self._train_model(node, job_spec)
        elif job_spec["type"] == "inference":
            return self._run_inference(node, job_spec)

class EnergyDePIN:
    """Decentralized energy distribution."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.producers = {}
        self.consumers = {}
        self.grid_state = {}
    
    def register_producer(self, producer_specs):
        """Register energy producer."""
        
        producer = {
            "id": self._generate_producer_id(),
            "type": producer_specs["type"],  # solar, wind, battery
            "capacity_kw": producer_specs["capacity"],
            "location": producer_specs["location"],
            "verified": False,
            "earnings": 0
        }
        
        # Verify production capacity
        if producer_specs.get("verified_install"):
            producer["verified"] = True
        
        self.producers[producer["id"]] = producer
        
        return producer
    
    def register_consumer(self, consumer_specs):
        """Register energy consumer."""
        
        consumer = {
            "id": self._generate_consumer_id(),
            "type": consumer_specs["type"],  # residential, commercial
            "demand_kw": consumer_specs["demand"],
            "location": consumer_specs["location"],
            "preference": consumer_specs.get("source_preference", "any")
        }
        
        self.consumers[consumer["id"]] = consumer
        
        return consumer
    
    def match_energy(self):
        """Match producers with consumers."""
        
        matches = []
        
        for consumer_id, consumer in self.consumers.items():
            # Find nearby producers
            producers = self._find_matching_producers(
                consumer.location,
                consumer.demand_kw,
                consumer.preference
            )
            
            if producers:
                # Create match
                match = self._create_match(
                    producers[:3],  # Top 3
                    consumer,
                    self._calculate_market_price()
                )
                matches.append(match)
        
        return matches
    
    def settle_energy(self, match):
        """Settle energy transaction."""
        
        energy_kwh = self._measure_energy(
            match["producer"],
            match["consumer"],
            match["duration"]
        )
        
        # Calculate payment
        price_per_kwh = match["price"]
        payment = energy_kwh * price_per_kwh
        
        # Transfer tokens
        self._transfer_tokens(
            from_addr=match["consumer"]["wallet"],
            to_addr=match["producer"]["wallet"],
            amount=payment
        )
        
        return {
            "energy_kwh": energy_kwh,
            "payment": payment,
            "price_per_kwh": price_per_kwh
        }

class MappingDePIN:
    """Decentralized mapping and sensor networks."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.mappers = {}
        self.tiles = {}
    
    def contribute_data(self, sensor_data):
        """Contribute mapping/sensor data."""
        
        # Validate data quality
        quality_score = self._assess_quality(sensor_data)
        
        if quality_score < 0.6:
            return {"accepted": False, "reason": "Insufficient quality"}
        
        # Hash and store
        data_hash = self._hash_data(sensor_data)
        
        # Create contribution record
        contribution = {
            "id": self._generate_contribution_id(),
            "mapper": sensor_data["contributor"],
            "location": sensor_data["location"],
            "data_type": sensor_data["type"],
            "quality": quality_score,
            "timestamp": sensor_data["timestamp"],
            "reward": self._calculate_reward(quality_score)
        }
        
        self._store_contribution(contribution)
        
        return {
            "accepted": True,
            "contribution_id": contribution["id"],
            "reward": contribution["reward"]
        }
    
    def verify_contribution(self, contribution_id):
        """Verify contribution through consensus."""
        
        # Get random verifiers
        verifiers = self._select_verifiers(contribution_id, 5)
        
        # Collect verifications
        votes = []
        for verifier in verifiers:
            vote = verifier.verify(contribution_id)
            votes.append(vote)
        
        # Calculate consensus
        if sum(votes) / len(votes) > 0.7:
            self._finalize_contribution(contribution_id)
            return {"verified": True}
        
        return {"verified": False}

## DePIN Investment Framework

### 1. Network Fundamentals
- Total value locked (TVL)
- Active node count
- Token utility
- Token distribution

### 2. Business Model
- Real-world demand
- Unit economics
- Competition with traditional players
- Regulatory environment

### 3. Tokenomics
- Inflation schedule
- Token utility
- Governance rights
- Vesting schedule

### 4. Team and Community
- Technical team experience
- Community engagement
- Partnerships
- Track record

class DePINRiskAssessment:
    """Assess DePIN investment risks."""
    
    def evaluate(self, project):
        risks = []
        
        # Technology risk
        if not project.audited:
            risks.append("Smart contract not audited")
        
        # Regulatory risk
        if project.category in ["wireless", "energy"]:
            risks.append("Regulatory uncertainty")
        
        # Market risk
        if project.token_inflation > 10:
            risks.append("High token inflation")
        
        # Competition risk
        if len(project.competitors) > 5:
            risks.append("Highly competitive market")
        
        # Adoption risk
        if project.active_nodes < 1000:
            risks.append("Low network adoption")
        
        return {
            "overall_risk": self._calculate_risk_score(risks),
            "risks": risks,
            "recommendation": "HOLD" if len(risks) < 3 else "AVOID"
        }