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The Non-Finite Verbs (非谓语动词)

英语词法学习笔记(新东方薛冰)

Created: November 25, 2019 Yongqiang Qu 5 min read

非谓语动词的词法基础

英语动词分为限定动词(finite verb)和非限定动词(non-finite verb)。限定动词充当谓语,受主语的人称和数限制;非限定动词不随主语变化,形态固定,可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。非谓语动词的四种形式体现了英语词法的三个核心维度:派生词法(derivational morphology)、屈折词法(inflectional morphology)和句法分布(syntactic distribution)。

四种非谓语形式的词法形态

非谓语动词的形态变化基于动词原形(base form),通过添加后缀或前置小品词生成:

非谓语形式 词法标记 形态构成 示例
不定式 (to-infinitive) 小品词 to + 动词原形 to + V to walk, to eat, to be
动名词 (gerund) -ing 后缀 V + -ing walking, eating, being
现在分词 (present participle) -ing 后缀 V + -ing walking, eating, being
过去分词 (past participle) -ed/-en 后缀 V + -ed/-en walked, eaten, broken

关键观察:动名词和现在分词在形态上完全相同(V + -ing),区别在于句法功能(syntactic function),这是英语词法中"同形异功能"(homomorphic multifunctionality)的典型案例。

规则动词与不规则动词的过去分词

规则动词的过去分词与过去式同形,均加 -ed 后缀:

规则变化 原形 过去式 过去分词
一般加 -ed walk walked walked
以 e 结尾加 -d use used used
辅音+y 变 ied carry carried carried
重读闭音节双写加-ed stop stopped stopped

不规则动词的过去分词呈现不同的屈折模式(ablaut / suppletion):

不规则模式 原形 过去式 过去分词
ABA (原形=过去分词) run ran run
ABB (过去式=过去分词) buy bought bought
ABC (三者各异) write wrote written
完全异干 (suppletive) go went gone

派生词法:从动词到其他词类

非谓语形式不仅是动词的屈折变化,更重要的是它们通过派生词法将动词转化为名词、形容词和副词。

动名词:动词 → 名词

动名词保留动词的部分特征(可带宾语、可被副词修饰),但在句中充当名词角色。从词法角度看,-ing 是一个名物化后缀(nominalizer):

write (动词) → writing (动名词,名词性质)
  • Swimming is good exercise. (主语,名词功能)
  • I enjoy reading. (宾语,名词功能)
  • Her favorite activity is painting. (表语,名词功能)

现在分词:动词 → 形容词/副词

现在分词在句中充当形容词(定语、表语、补语)或副词(状语)。-ing 在此充当形容词化或副词化后缀

bore (动词) → boring (形容词)
interest (动词) → interesting (形容词)
  • That was a boring movie. (定语,形容词功能)
  • The story is interesting. (表语,形容词功能)
  • He came running into the room. (状语,副词功能)

过去分词:动词 → 形容词/被动标记

过去分词充当形容词时表示被动或完成意义。-ed/-en 在此充当形容词化后缀(adjectivizer):

break (动词) → broken (形容词,表示"已碎的")
frustrate (动词) → frustrated (形容词,表示"感到沮丧的")
  • Broken glass was everywhere. (定语,形容词功能)
  • She felt exhausted after the race. (表语,形容词功能)

不及物动词的过去分词与及物动词的过去分词

动词类型 示例 过去分词含义 例句
及物动词 break 被动:被打碎的 the broken window
及物动词 frustrate 被动:感到沮丧的 a frustrated man
不及物动词 fall 完成:已落下的 fallen leaves
不及物动词 retire 完成:已退休的 a retired teacher

不定式:短语层面的名词/形容词/副词

不定式(to + 动词原形)不是通过词缀改变词性,而是通过短语结构实现句法功能变化。to 在此是一个不定式标记(infinitive marker),不是介词:

  • To err is human. (主语,名词功能)
  • I have a book to read. (定语,形容词功能)
  • He came to help. (状语,副词功能)

屈折词法:非谓语动词的时态和语态变化

非谓语动词本身也有屈折变化,体现时态(一般/进行/完成)和语态(主动/被动):

不定式的屈折形式

时态/语态 主动态 被动态
一般式 to write to be written
进行式 to be writing
完成式 to have written to have been written
完成进行式 to have been writing
  • He seems to be writing a letter. (不定式进行式,表示正在进行的动作)
  • The report to be submitted is on the desk. (不定式被动式,表示将来的被动动作)
  • She seems to have finished the work. (不定式完成式,表示发生在主句之前的动作)

现在分词/动名词的屈折形式

时态/语态 主动态 被动态
一般式 (doing) writing being written
完成式 (having done) having written having been written
  • Having finished his homework, he went out to play. (现在分词完成式,发生在主句动作之前)
  • Being written in haste, the letter had many mistakes. (现在分词被动式)

过去分词

过去分词本身只有一种形式,但可以表达被动(及物动词)或完成(不及物动词)含义:

  • The letter written in haste caused confusion. (被动:被匆忙写成的信)
  • The leaves fallen from the tree covered the ground. (完成:已落下的树叶)

动名词与现在分词的区别:同形异功能

动名词和现在分词在形态上完全相同(V + -ing),这是英语词法的一个重要特征。它们的区别完全在于句法功能分布特征

对比维度 动名词 (Gerund) 现在分词 (Present Participle)
词法功能 名词性质(名物化) 形容词/副词性质
句法位置 主语、宾语、表语 定语、状语、补语
可否被冠词修饰 可:the writing of 不可:× the writing man
可否带宾语 可:writing a letter 可:the man writing a letter
替换测试 可用 it 替代 不可用 it 替代

判断方法:最小对比对

[1] a. Flying planes can be dangerous.
     b. Flying planes can be dangerous.

同一句子存在两种解读,取决于如何分析 -ing 形式:

  • 解读 A:Flying planes(动名词短语作主语)is dangerous.(开飞机是危险的)
  • 解读 B:Flying planes(现在分词作定语修饰 planes)are dangerous.(正在飞的飞机是危险的)

这种歧义(structural ambiguity)源于 -ing 形式的双重词法性质,是英语词法句法界面的经典案例。

更多对比对

  • Swimming is fun. → 动名词,主语(名词功能)
  • The swimming boy is my brother. → 现在分词,定语(形容词功能)
  • He stopped smoking. → 动名词,宾语(他戒烟了)
  • He stopped smoking the cigarette. → 动名词,带宾语(他掐灭了烟)

非谓语形式的句法分布总表

句法功能 to do doing (动名词) doing (现在分词) done (过去分词)
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
宾语补足语
独立主格

各句法位置详解

主语位置:

  • To learn a language takes time. (不定式作主语)
  • Learning a language takes time. (动名词作主语,更泛指)
  • 不定式偏向具体、一次性动作;动名词偏向抽象、习惯性行为。

定语位置(后置):

  • I have a meeting to attend. (不定式,表将来义务)
  • The man standing there is my teacher. (现在分词,表进行)
  • The book written by him is a bestseller. (过去分词,表被动/完成)

状语位置:

状语类型 to do doing done
目的状语
结果状语
原因状语
时间状语
伴随状语
条件状语
让步状语
  • To pass the exam, you must study hard. (目的)
  • He woke up to find everyone gone. (结果)
  • Being a beginner, she made many mistakes. (原因)
  • Arriving at the station, he bought a ticket. (时间)
  • She stood there, waiting for the bus. (伴随)
  • Given more time, we could do better. (条件)
  • Though defeated, they did not give up. (让步)

非谓语结构与从句的关系

非谓语结构实质上是从句的紧缩形式(reduced clause)。从词法的角度看,这是英语中"从句 → 短语"的语法化过程,通过去除连词和主语、将动词变为非谓语形式来实现。

从句(finite clause) → 非谓语结构(non-finite phrase)
Because he was tired, he went home. Being tired, he went home.
The man who is standing there is my teacher. The man standing there is my teacher.
After he had finished his work, he left. Having finished his work, he left.
If it is seen from above, the city looks beautiful. Seen from above, the city looks beautiful.
I have a book that I must read. I have a book to read.

这种转换体现了英语语法的经济原则(economy principle):当主从句主语一致时,从句主语和连词可以被省略,动词变为非谓语形式,从而减少冗余。

限定动词 vs 非限定动词:词法对比

对比维度 限定动词 (Finite) 非限定动词 (Non-finite)
人称变化 有(I walk / he walks) 无(to walk / walking / walked 无变化)
数变化 有(he walks / they walk)
时态独立性 可独立表达时态 依赖主句动词的时态关系
情态动词 可直接搭配情态动词 不可直接搭配情态动词
句法地位 只能作谓语 主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语
语法主语 必须有显性主语 主语隐含或省略(PRO/pro)

例句对比:

  • He walks to school every day. (限定,一般现在时,第三人称单数)
  • He walked to school yesterday. (限定,一般过去时)
  • Walking to school is healthy. (非限定,动名词作主语,无时态变化)
  • He wants to walk to school. (非限定,不定式作宾语,无时态变化)

语料库频率:非谓语结构的使用分布

基于英语语料库(COCA, BNC)的研究表明,非谓语动词在书面语中的出现频率远高于口语。以下是大致的使用频率分布:

非谓语形式 书面语频率 口语频率 常见功能
to 不定式 最高 目的状语、宾语
-ing 形式(动名词) 主语、宾语
-ing 形式(现在分词) 中高 定语、状语
-ed/-en 过去分词 中高 定语、状语

写作建议:

  • 在学术写作中多用现在分词和过去分词短语替代定语从句,使句子更紧凑
  • 在口语中多用不定式结构表达目的和意图
  • 避免过度堆砌非谓语结构(“垂悬分词” dangling participle 是常见错误)

垂悬分词(Dangling Participle)

非谓语结构的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致,否则会产生垂悬修饰语(dangling modifier):

✗ Walking through the park, the flowers were beautiful.
(逻辑主语 flowers 不能执行 walking 的动作)

✓ Walking through the park, I found the flowers beautiful.
(逻辑主语 I 与 walking 一致)

垂悬分词是语法错误,但某些固定表达已被接受为惯用法:

  • Generally speaking, this book is well written.
  • Judging from his expression, he is satisfied.
  • Compared to you, I am still a beginner.
  • Given the circumstances, we did our best.

这些被称为独立分词结构(absolute participle construction),在词法上已经固化(lexicalized)。

要点回顾

  • 非谓语动词的四种形式:to do / doing / done,通过派生和屈折词法实现
  • 动名词和现在分词形态相同(V + -ing),功能不同——这是英语词法的核心特征
  • 非谓语结构是限定从句的紧缩形式,体现经济原则
  • 过去分词同时表达被动(及物动词)和完成(不及物动词)含义
  • 不定式通过短语结构而非词缀实现句法功能的变化
  • 使用非谓语结构时需注意逻辑主语一致,避免垂悬分词

Resources

  • Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press.
  • Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman.
  • 章振邦. (2017). 新编英语语法教程. 上海外语教育出版社.
  • Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman.
  • COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English): https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/

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