Human History: From Prehistory to the Modern Era

Introduction

Human history is the study of the past of humanity through written and oral records, artifacts, and cultural heritage. It encompasses the …

Achieving a High Score on TOEFL Writing Question 2: Writing for an Academic Discussion

Strategies, examples, and practice tips to excel in TOEFL Writing Question 2, focusing on structure, content, and scoring.

How to Get a Higher Score in TOEFL Speaking

Strategies and tips to improve your score in the TOEFL Speaking section, including task breakdown and practice advice.

How to Get a Higher Score in TOEFL Writing

Strategies and tips to improve your score in the TOEFL Writing section, including task breakdown and practice advice.

Non-Finite Verbs in English

An overview of non-finite verbs in English, including types, examples, and usage in sentences.

TOEFL Speaking Practice: Task Types, Examples, and Tips

A comprehensive guide to TOEFL Speaking practice, including task breakdowns, sample questions and answers, and preparation tips.

TOEFL Writing Question 1: TOEFL Integrated Essay Guide

A comprehensive guide to the TOEFL Integrated Essay, including structure, note-taking, answer templates, and pro tips.

Word Master

001

cardinal

adj. principle, of great importance

noun. a priest of very high rank in the Roman Catholic Church

noun. a number that represents amount, …

Human Body

human body

English Grammar Summary: Sentence Patterns, Tenses, and Key Rules

Introduction

This is a practical summary of English grammar — the core patterns and rules that underpin all English sentences. Understanding these …

Sociology: Key Concepts, Theories, and Vocabulary in English

A comprehensive guide to sociology in English — key concepts, major theories, essential vocabulary, and how sociology differs from related fields.

Geography 地理学

Geography is a study of places and the relationships between people and their environments.

sustainability: use of resources in such a manner that …

English Important Grammar Rules

english

English Writing Skills

口语和写作的区别？

• 口语大多使用简单的动词和短句子
• 写作使用高级的名词，把动作进行描述，动词名词化

Common Problems in Writing

The errors focus on the topics covered in the grammar appendix: …

TOEFL Writing: Academic Discussion

TOEFL Academic Discussion 托福写作-学术讨论

TOEFL Writing: Integrated Task

Tips

• 简单总结阅读的内容，给出听力与阅读内容的关系，一般为反对，转折对比
• Repeating 会被狠狠扣分。包括一字不漏抄写阅读的内容，抄写题干内容。所以使用原文内容要改写paraphrase。重复还包括，一直重复使用某一个单词，比如使用However超过三次。
• 笔记简洁，抓重点词，名词和动词 …

English Learning with Documentaries: Best Documentaries for Language Learners

A comprehensive curated list of the best English documentaries for language learning, featuring nature, history, science, and cultural documentaries with descriptions and resources.

English Learning with Documentaries: Best Documentaries for Language Learners

A comprehensive curated list of the best English documentaries for language learning, featuring nature, history, science, and cultural documentaries with descriptions and resources.

Comprehensive Guide to Global Energy Sources: Renewable and Non-Renewable

Introduction

Energy sources are the foundation of modern society, powering everything from homes and industries to transportation and technology. …

AP World History (1200 CE - Present): Comprehensive Study Guide

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry

1.0 Historical Themes and Frameworks

Understanding world history requires examining key themes that have shaped human …

Natural Resources

Introduction

A resource is a material used to support the needs of living things. Natural resources are materials and substances that occur naturally …

Comprehensive Guide to World Geography: Continents, Countries, and Global Features

Comprehensive guide to world geography covering continents, major countries, capitals, cultural features, and geography learning resources

Major Water Engineering Projects and Hydraulic Infrastructure

A comprehensive guide to major water engineering projects worldwide, including ports, dams, canals, and bridges that have shaped global commerce and civilization

Major Water Engineering Projects and Hydraulic Infrastructure

A comprehensive guide to major water engineering projects worldwide, including ports, dams, canals, and bridges that have shaped global commerce and civilization

UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Global Cultural and Natural Treasures

A comprehensive guide to UNESCO World Heritage Sites, their significance, criteria, and examples of outstanding cultural and natural treasures recognized globally

UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Global Cultural and Natural Treasures

A comprehensive guide to UNESCO World Heritage Sites, their significance, criteria, and examples of outstanding cultural and natural treasures recognized globally

World Famous Geographic Landmarks and Natural Wonders

Famous Mountains

Mount Everest - 8,848.86 m

Mount Everest is Earth’s highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range …

English Long and Difficult Sentences, Reading Skills

english

Dictation Practice: Scientific American Vocabulary and Hard Words

Introduction

Dictation practice — listening to English and writing what you hear — is one of the most effective ways to improve listening …

Earth History and Evolution: From Planetary Formation to Human Development

Introduction

Earth Science is the study of our planet’s structure, composition, processes, and history. It encompasses multiple interconnected …

Film & Cinema: Essential Vocabulary and History for English Learners

Comprehensive guide to film and cinema vocabulary, history, and discussion topics for English learners

Business English: Essential Terminology and Concepts

Comprehensive business English guide covering key vocabulary, concepts, and industry practices

TOEFL Listening

托福听力笔记

Sculpture: A Comprehensive Guide to Three-Dimensional Art

Explore the world of sculpture. Learn about different types, materials, techniques, and history of sculpture as a form of artistic expression.

Military and Conflict Vocabulary in English

A comprehensive guide to military and conflict vocabulary in English — warfare terms, military ranks, weapons, and diplomatic language.

Topic: Politics

政治话题 Politics Topics - English Discussions

Comprehensive Automobile Vocabulary Guide - English Discussions

Complete vocabulary guide for discussing automobiles in English, covering car parts, body types, controls, and engine components

Topic: Shopping

购物话题 Topics - English Discussions

Transportation: English Vocabulary and Discussion

Comprehensive English vocabulary guide for transportation, including roads, vehicles, traffic, and public transit

Transportation: English Vocabulary and Discussion

Comprehensive English vocabulary guide for transportation, including roads, vehicles, traffic, and public transit

The Industrial Revolution: History, Key Inventions, and Vocabulary

A comprehensive guide to the Industrial Revolution — its causes, key inventions, social impact, and essential English vocabulary for discussing this transformative period.

Physics: Vocabulary and Concepts

Comprehensive guide to physics vocabulary and concepts with English translations

托福口语 TOEFL Speaking

托福口语准备

Ancient Greek Theater: Origins and Evolution of Western Drama

Introduction: What is Theater?

A theater is a place in which a play is performed. If you trace the word back to its Greek origins, it literally means …

Natural Science

Key Vocabulary

• prolific - 多产的 (producing much fruit or foliage or many offspring; very productive)
• empirical - 基于经验的 (based on, concerned with, or …

Philosophy: Key Concepts, Thinkers, and Vocabulary in English

Introduction

Philosophy — from the Greek philosophia, meaning “love of wisdom” — is the study of fundamental questions about existence, …

The Renaissance: Rebirth of Art, Science, and Humanism

Introduction

The Renaissance (French for “rebirth”) was a transformative cultural and intellectual movement that flourished in Europe, …

Topic: Chemistry - English Discussions

化学话题 Chmistry Topics - English Discussions

World History

Climate unites people through culture. 相同气候的地区拥有相同的文化，相同的文化则更加统一。

• 蒙古和西边的中东（草原沙漠气候，冬天寒冷干燥，夏季凉爽）
• 地中海（古希腊，古罗马，橄榄油，葡萄酒, mild wet winters and warm to hot, …

English Learning Resources: Complete Guide

Comprehensive guide to English learning resources including websites, books, videos, and tools.

The Five Senses in English: Vocabulary, Verbs, and Expressions

A complete guide to the five senses in English — vocabulary, sensory verbs (see/look/watch, hear/listen), adjectives, and idiomatic expressions.

Home and Living Facilities: Essential English Vocabulary Guide

Comprehensive English vocabulary guide for home and living facilities, covering accommodation types, structural elements, bathroom fixtures, bedroom essentials, and household items.

Home and Living Facilities: Essential English Vocabulary Guide

Comprehensive English vocabulary guide for home and living facilities, covering accommodation types, structural elements, bathroom fixtures, bedroom essentials, and household items.

Topic: Internet Life

Explore key topics in internet life: from online communities and social media to cyberbullying and digital privacy. Learn vocabulary and discuss real-world implications in English.

Sea and Ocean Vocabulary: A Complete English Guide

Master English vocabulary related to sea and ocean life. Learn essential words for marine exploration, beach activities, and ocean vocabulary.

Commonly Misspelled English Words: A Complete Reference

A comprehensive reference of commonly misspelled English words — organized by category with memory tips and spelling patterns.

Topic: Food and Cooking

饮食话题 Health Topics - English Discussions

Topic: Health

健康话题 Health Topics - English Discussions

Vocubulary: Different Uses of Words

Vocubulary 英语词汇

Comprehensive Guide to Animals: Classification, Characteristics, and Behavior

Comprehensive guide to animals including classification, characteristics, behavior, and biology education resources

English Compound Words: A Comprehensive Guide

A comprehensive guide to understanding English compound words with examples and learning resources

English Compound Words: A Comprehensive Guide

A comprehensive guide to understanding English compound words with examples and learning resources

Academic Disciplines: Names, Definitions, and Key Vocabulary

Introduction

Every academic field has a name that often ends in “-ology” (from Greek logos, meaning “study of”) or …

BBC Learning English New Review Vocabulary

english

Vocabulary: Personalities

• courage or determination 勇气或决心
• genuine 真诚的
• diligent: 勤奋的 hard-working
• Ambitious: having a strong wish to be successful, powerful, or rich
• Easygoing …

Ancient Greece: Foundation of Western Civilization - Philosophy, Democracy, and Culture

Comprehensive guide to Ancient Greece, exploring its political innovations, philosophical contributions, artistic achievements, and lasting influence on Western civilization.

English Synonyms

english synonyms 反义词总结

Essential Financial and Accounting Vocabulary: Complete English Guide

Comprehensive guide to essential financial and accounting vocabulary in English with definitions, examples, and learning resources

Linking devices of contrast

Meaning and use

We can use different words and phrases to highlight a contrast between two parts of a sentence. Some of these words and phrases are: …

English Interjections: A Complete Guide to Expressing Emotions

Master English interjections to sound more natural and expressive. Learn common interjections, their meanings, and when to use them in conversations.

English Grammar: Affixes

Prefixes

A prefix modifies or auguments the core meaning.

前缀决定褒贬(dis/de)，语气加强，前后(pre/post)，重复等(re)，大小，多少，好坏(eu/mis/dis)。

A prefix is a group of …

English Idioms

english

Master English Antonyms: Complete Guide to Opposite Words

Comprehensive guide to English antonyms with vocabulary pairs, definitions, and learning resources

Vocabulary: Small Verbs and Movements

动作

Sense: taste/taste, touch/feel, smell, hear/sound or see/look.

Perception: seem,appear

Vocabulary: TOEFL Listening Conversation

对话不要记笔记

保持学生思维。美国青菜比肉贵。

Conversation 课上/课下

上课：考试，学习，图书馆，论文，作业等 下课：生活，租房，活动

1. 主旨
2. 问题原因
3. 老师的看法
4. 重听题
5. 解决方法

图书馆和书店

场景特点：学生和图书馆相关的场景，包含借书和还书，图书馆设施，图书馆内遇到的问题麻烦吊 …

Biochemistry Fundamentals: Molecules, Cells, and Life Processes

Comprehensive guide to biochemistry fundamentals, covering biomolecules, cell structures, cellular processes, metabolism, and modern applications in food science and agriculture.

How to learn English?

如何学习英语

Topic: Biology - English Discussions

生物话题 Biology Topics - English Discussions

Topic: Dinning - English Discussions

话题 Dinning Topics - English Discussions

Topic: Medical - English Discussions

医疗话题 medical topics - English Discussions

BBC Earth: One Planet, Many Lives

1. Inferno 地狱(volcanic eruption, 火山喷发, mass extinction)

Mass extinction. 252 million years ago, Pangea, all the landmasses clustered as one. Late …

Comprehensive Guide to Plant Biology: Vocabulary, Structure, and Ecology

Introduction

Plants are fundamental organisms on Earth, providing oxygen, food, and materials essential for all life. This comprehensive guide …

Comprehensive Guide to Plant Biology: Vocabulary, Structure, and Reproduction

Introduction

Plants are fundamental organisms on Earth, providing oxygen, food, and materials essential for life. This comprehensive guide explores …

Guide to the World's Major Cities: Global Centers of Culture and Commerce

Overview

This article introduces some of the world’s most influential and vibrant cities, highlighting their distinctive characteristics, iconic …

Irregular Verbs in English

Irregular verbs are verbs whose past forms do not follow the regular “-ed” ending pattern. Instead, they change in unpredictable ways. …

Natural Disasters: Vocabulary, Causes, and Response in English

A comprehensive guide to natural disaster vocabulary in English — types of disasters, causes, humanitarian response, and language for discussing these events.

Topic: Economy - English Discussions

经济话题 Economy Topics - English Discussions

Abbreviations and abbreviated words

Abbreviations and abbreviated words

Anthropology: Understanding Human Cultures and Societies

A comprehensive guide to anthropology, covering the major subdisciplines, methods, and tools for studying human cultures, societies, and evolution

Comprehensive Archaeology Vocabulary and Methods Guide - English Discussions

Complete vocabulary guide for archaeology topics, covering dating methods, terminology, and analysis techniques with English discussions

Comprehensive Guide to Psychology: Understanding Mind, Behavior, and Neuroscience

An in-depth exploration of psychology topics including cognitive processes, brain imaging techniques, and behavioral concepts for English learners

Comprehensive Guide to Psychology: Understanding Mind, Behavior, and Neuroscience

An in-depth exploration of psychology topics including cognitive processes, brain imaging techniques, and behavioral concepts for English learners

Comprehensive Sports Guide and English Vocabulary

A comprehensive guide to sports terminology, Olympic history, and popular sports with English vocabulary for language learners

English Poetry: Exploring Literary Expression Through Verse

A comprehensive guide to understanding poetry, verse forms, literary techniques, and tools for poets and poetry enthusiasts

Marketing Fundamentals: Definition, Strategies, and Essential Tools

A comprehensive guide to marketing fundamentals, including the marketing mix, traditional and digital strategies, and essential tools for business success.

Public Relations: Concepts, Vocabulary, and Practice in English

A comprehensive guide to public relations in English — key concepts, PR vocabulary, media relations, crisis communication, and career paths.

Topic: Architecture

建筑话题 Topics - English Discussions

Topic: Astronomy

天文学话题 Topics - English Discussions

Topic: Attire and Accessories

服装话题 Topics - English Discussions

Topic: Environmental Sciences

环境保护话题 Topics - English Discussions

Topic: Literature

文学话题 Topics - English Discussions

Topic: Technology Terms — Essential Vocabulary for the Digital Age

Comprehensive collection of technology terms used in daily life with clear explanations for English learners

Aphorisms

Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。

Well begun is half done.
好的开端是成功的一半。

Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。

God helps those who help …

Education in English: Comprehensive Discussion Topics and Vocabulary Guide

Comprehensive English vocabulary guide for education discussions, covering teaching methods, curriculum, social impact, and learning strategies.

English Modal Verbs: Can, Could, and Might - Complete Guide

Comprehensive guide to understanding and using modal verbs can, could, and might in English with examples and explanations

Advanced English Adverbs: Vocabulary for Academic and Professional Writing

A comprehensive guide to advanced English adverbs — organized by meaning with examples, collocations, and usage notes for academic and professional contexts.

Advanced English Vocabulary and Challenging Words

A comprehensive guide to challenging English words, their definitions, usage examples, and practical learning strategies for English language learners

Body Movement Verbs in English: A Complete Vocabulary Guide

Master English verbs related to body movements. Learn action verbs for physical activities, gestures, and movements with examples and practical usage.

English Time and Date Expressions: A Comprehensive Guide

Complete guide to expressing time and dates in English, including various formats, conventions, and usage patterns for different contexts

Geometry

Essential geometry vocabulary and definitions in English.

英语写作的常用表述

英语写作的常用表述 Common expressions in English writing

英语重点名词积累

People

• crew 全体人员
• colleague: one of a group of people who work together
• coworker
• teacher/student
• athlete 运动员
• president 总统
• rancher 牛仔，牧场主
• nominee 候选人，被 …

词汇积累-托福阅读词汇题

• worrying: 令人担忧的
• notably 尤其
• appreciated 理解/认识 understood
• meticulous 细致的
• opportune 适当的；恰好的；合时宜的
• prevailing 盛行的
• contemplated 考虑过的
• communal: shared …

The Solar System: Vocabulary and Science in English

Introduction

The solar system is one of the most fascinating topics in science — and a rich source of English vocabulary. This guide covers the …

Zodiac Signs: Personality Traits and Characteristics

Introduction to the Zodiac

The zodiac is a belt of constellations through which the sun passes during the year. It is divided into 12 signs, each …

Medical and Health English Vocabulary: COVID-19, Diseases, and Healthcare

Essential medical and health vocabulary in English — COVID-19 terms, disease and infection vocabulary, healthcare system terms, and body systems.

Vocabulary: Law and Crime

法律和犯罪词汇总结

War and Peace Vocabulary: A Comprehensive English Guide

Master English vocabulary related to war and peace. Learn military terms, conflict vocabulary, negotiation phrases, and diplomatic language for effective communication.

Linking Verbs in English: Complete Guide with Examples

A complete guide to English linking verbs — state verbs, change-of-state verbs, sensory verbs — with examples, patterns, and common mistakes.

Why English Became the World's Global Language

Introduction

English is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide — more than any other language. It’s the language of international business, …

Mastering English Phrasal Verbs: The Complete Guide to Natural English Communication

A comprehensive guide to understanding, learning, and mastering English phrasal verbs with practical strategies, common examples, and actionable tips for English language learners.

其他语法

动词+宾语+宾补

过去分词/现在分词/形容词作宾补，多用于一下动词之后：
get, make, have, keep, want, wish, order, like, see, hear, feel, find, think等。

例子：

The reporter tried to make the …

Adverb(副词)

定义

用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、分词、介词短语或整个句子，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。

分类

按照词义划分，副词可以分为以下积累：时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问、连接、关系、句子、频率副词。

时间副词 …

Adverbial Clauses(状语从句)

口头禅：”这其实是一个笑话。“

句式复习

• 简单句
  This is a man.

• 并列句
  连接词：and, so, but, either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also.

• 复合句 …

Attributive Clauses(定语从句)

定语从句是英语学习的拦路虎。

who\which\that的用法

定语修饰名词
server 服务员

Who served you?

The tall woman served me.
The short man served me.
The woman who has a handbag …

Comprehensive Guide to English Articles: A, An, and The

A comprehensive guide to English articles including indefinite articles (a/an), definite article (the), and zero article with rules, examples, and common mistakes

Conjunctions(连词)

连词(conj.)

”任何人都会使用名词，受过教育的人才会使用动词，受过极好教育的人才会使用连词。“

”当你能够熟练使用连词，你才能写出文章来。“

国外大学在开课之前，都会问：是什么？为什么？怎么学？

连词是什么？

用于连接句子，并体现其关系的词。

Knowledge(Discrete) …

English Adjectives: Complete Guide to Types, Functions, and Usage

Introduction: What Are Adjectives?

Definition: Adjectives are words that modify nouns, describing the qualities, characteristics, or states of …

English Modal Verbs: Complete Guide to Usage, Meaning, and Application

Introduction: What Are Modal Verbs?

Definition: Modal verbs are a category of auxiliary verbs that express a speaker’s attitude, mood, or …

English Nouns: Complete Guide to Types, Plurals, Possessives, and Gender

Introduction: What Are Nouns?

Definition: Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas. They are one of the fundamental parts of speech …

English Prepositions: A Complete Guide to Usage and Mastery

Master English prepositions with this comprehensive guide. Learn types, usage rules, common patterns, and practical examples for fluent English communication.

Irregular Gerunds in English Grammar

Learn about irregular gerunds in English: how verbs form gerunds with exceptions like travelling and beginning. Understand the rules and why pronunciation matters.

Noun Clauses(名词性从句)

介绍

在句子里可以扩展成从句的部分？

一群穿着各色衣服的游客在沙漠里玩儿。
主要含义：游客玩儿

名词：游客
形容词：一群穿着各色衣服的
副词：在沙漠里

英语中的三大从句：

一、名词性从句：主语，宾语，表语，同位语
二、形容词性从句：定语从句
三、副词性从句：状语从句 …

Numbers(数词)

基数词

数字认读

one
two
three
four(quad-)
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve

thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen

twenty …

Passive Voice(被动语态)

The monkey ate the banana.(Active)
The banana was eaten by the monkey.(Passive)

概念

看主语和谓语动词之间的关系。

主动语态（active voice）：主语为执行者。
Jason painted the …

Special Sentences(特殊句型)

三种特殊句型

• 强调
• 倒装
• 省略

强调句

口语中强调的方法：加重音，拉长音，加手势。

书面语中的强调句：√

将一个完整的句子拆成两部分，要强调的放中间。

I want to go America this summer.
It is America that I want to go to …

Subjunctive(虚拟语气)

要考虑的重点问题：时态，单复数，主被动。

概念解释

1. 什么是虚拟？
   非真实
2. 怎么表示虚拟？
   把谓语动词改变时态。一反常态，说明表达的事情是虚拟的。
3. 虚拟常用于？
   if虚拟条件句；名词性从句；情态动词。

变换口诀：从句往前推（往前推一个时态），主句4+1，将来同现在。be一律用were，不用was。 …

Tense(时态)

SVO = Subject + Verb + Object

Tenses in English are made of a time and an aspect. English recognises 3 times (past, present and future) and 3 aspects …

The Non-Finite Verbs (非谓语动词)

定义阐释

英语中单个动词（以v.表示）只能充当谓语，那么如果想让v.充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、状语、补语、独立成分等，则需要改变v.的形式。具体方法有四种：不定式 to do 形式 (to v.)、现在分词（v.+ing）、动名词（v.+ing）和过去分词（v.+ed），这就是非谓语动词结构。 …

不规则拼写的英语单词

persuasion

About Education

This article introduces the basic structure and terminology of the education system in English-speaking countries, with comparisons to Chinese terms where helpful.

根据脑科学和人类语言习得原理学习英语

原典英语根据脑科学和人类语言习得原理指导我们更高效的学习英语

Comprehensive Guide to Quality English Audiobooks and Audio Learning Resources

A comprehensive guide to high-quality English audiobooks, audio learning platforms, podcasts, and digital audio resources for language learning and entertainment

English Punctuation and Special Characters: Names and Usage

A complete reference for English punctuation marks and special characters — their names, pronunciations, and correct usage.

English Grammar Learning Guide: Resources and Strategies

A practical guide to learning English grammar — recommended books, learning strategies, and the key concepts every learner needs to master.

英语发音的学习（English Pronunciation）

要注意，最好跟着英国人/美国人学英文。英语新闻，英文有声书，电影节目等

Syllable 音节（一个元音为一个音节）

Syllable(音节) is a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound and that is pronounced …

英语词汇学习的一点体悟

本文揭示了英语词汇间的基本联系，词汇学习的要领。

Prepositions of Time and Place: at, in, on — Complete Guide

A complete guide to English prepositions at, in, and on — for time and place — with clear rules, examples, and common exceptions.