This collection provides a quick review of the basic terminology used in the study of traditional English grammar. For a more detailed examination of the word forms and sentence structures introduced here, click on any of the terms to visit a glossary page, where you’ll find numerous examples and expanded discussions.
该系列提供了对传统英语语法研究中使用的基本术语的快速回顾。 要详细了解此处介绍的单词形式和句子结构，请单击任意术语以访问词汇表页面，您将在其中找到大量示例和扩展的讨论。
Abstract Noun
A noun (such as courage or freedom) that names an idea, event, quality, or concept. Contrast with a concrete noun.
抽象名词 名词（例如勇气或自由），用于命名思想，事件，质量或概念。 与具体名词对比。
Active Voice
The verb form or voice in which the subject of the sentence performs or causes the action expressed by the verb. Contrast with passive voice.
主动语态
动词形式或语音，其中句子的主语执行或引起动词表达的动作。 与被动语态对比。
Adjective
The part of speech (or word class) that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective forms: positive, comparative, superlative. Adjective: adjectival.
形容词
修饰名词或代词的词性（或词类）。 形容词形式：肯定，比较，最高级。 形容词：形容词。
Adverb
The part of speech (or word class) that is primarily used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs can also modify prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, and complete sentences.
副词
语音部分（或单词类），主要用于修饰动词，形容词或其他副词。 副词还可以修改介词短语，从句和完整句子。
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Affix
A prefix, suffix, or infix: a word element (or morpheme) that can be attached to a base or root to form a new word. Noun: affixation. Adjective: affixable.
Agreement The correspondence of a verb with its subject in person and number, and of a pronoun with its antecedent in person, number, and gender.
Appositive A noun, noun phrase, or series of nouns used to identify or rename another noun, noun phrase, or pronoun.
Article A type of determiner that precedes a noun: a, an, or the.
词缀 前缀，后缀或中缀：可以附加到基础或词根以组成新单词的单词元素（或词素）。 名词：贴词。 形容词：可附加的。
协议 动词与主语在人称和数上的对应关系，以及代词在其人称，数和性别上的对应关系。
贴切的 名词，名词短语或一系列名词，用于标识或重命名另一个名词，名词短语或代词。
冠词 名词之前的确定词类型：a，an或the。
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Attributive An adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. Contrast with a predicative adjective.
Auxiliary A verb that determines the mood or tense of another verb in a verb phrase. Also known as a helping verb. Contrast with a lexical verb.
Base The form of a word to which prefixes and suffixes are added to create new words.
Capital Letter The form of an alphabetical letter (such as A, B, C) used to begin a sentence or proper noun; an uppercase letter, in contrast to lower case. Verb: capitalize.
定语 一个形容词，通常出现在它修饰的名词之前，没有链接动词。 与谓词形容词对比。
辅助的 确定动词短语中另一个动词的语气或时态的动词。 也称为助动词。 与词汇动词对比。
基础 在单词的形式上添加前缀和后缀以创建新单词。
大写字母 用于开始句子或专有名词的字母（如A，B，C）的形式； 与小写字母相比，大写字母。 动词：大写。
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Clause A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within a sentence (a dependent clause).
Common Noun A noun that can be preceded by the definite article and that represents one or all of the members of a class. As a general rule, a common noun does not begin with a capital letter unless it appears at the start of a sentence. Common nouns can be subcategorized as count nouns and mass nouns. Semantically, common nouns can be classified as abstract nouns and concrete nouns. Contrast with a proper noun.
Comparative The form of an adjective or adverb involving a comparison of more or less, greater or lesser.
案件 名词和某些代词的特征，表达它们与句子中其他单词的关系。代词有三种情况区分：主观，所有格和客观。在英语中，名词只有一种格形变化，即所有格。除所有格外，名词的格有时也称为普通格。
条款 包含主题和谓词的一组单词。子句可以是句子（独立子句），也可以是句子内的类似句子的构造（从属子句）。
普通名词 可以在定冠词后加上并表示类的一个或所有成员的名词。通常，除非出现在句子开头，否则普通名词不会以大写字母开头。普通名词可以分为计数名词和质量名词。从语义上讲，普通名词可以分为抽象名词和具体名词。与专有名词对比。
比较 形容词或副词的形式，涉及或多或少，或多或少的比较。
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Complement A word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence. The two kinds of compliments are subject complements (which follow the verb be and other linking verbs) and object complements (which follow a direct object). If it identifies the subject, the complement is a noun or pronoun; if it describes the subject, the complement is an adjective.
Complex Sentence A sentence that contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause.
Compound-Complex Sentence A sentence that contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Compound Sentence A sentence that contains at least two independent clauses.
Conditional Clause A type of adverbial clause that states a hypothesis or condition, real or imagined. A conditional clause may be introduced by the subordinating conjunction if or another conjunction, such as unless or in the case of.
Conjunction The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. The two main types of conjunction are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
Contraction A shortened form of a word or group of words (such as doesn’t and won’t), with the missing letters usually marked by an apostrophe.
Coordination The grammatical connection of two or more ideas to give them equal emphasis and importance. Contrast with subordination.
Count Noun A noun that refers to an object or idea that can form a plural or occur in a noun phrase with an indefinite article or with numerals. Contrast with a mass noun (or noncount noun).
Declarative Sentence A sentence in the form of a statement (in contrast to a command, a question, or an exclamation).
Definite Article In English, the definite article the is a determiner that refers to particular nouns. Compare to indefinite article.
补充 完成句子中谓语的单词或单词组。两种修饰语是主语补语（在动词be和其他链接动词之后）和宾语补语（在直接宾语之后）。如果可以识别主语，则补语是名词或代词；如果描述主题，则补语是形容词。
复杂的句子 包含至少一个独立从句和一个从属从句的句子。
复合句 包含两个或多个独立从句和至少一个从属从句的句子。
复合句
包含至少两个独立子句的句子。
条件从句 一种状语从句，陈述真实或想象的假设或条件。条件从句可以由从属连词if或其他连词引入，例如除非是或在这种情况下。
连词 词性（或词类），用于连接词，短语，从句或句子的部分。连接的两种主要类型是协调连接和从属连接。
缩写 单词或一组单词的缩写形式（例如“不”和“不”），缺少的字母通常用撇号标记。
协调 两个或多个思想的语法联系使它们具有同等的重视度和重要性。与从属形成对比。
可数名词 名词，指的是可以形成复数或以不定冠词或数字出现在名词短语中的对象或观念。与质量名词（或非计数名词）对比。
陈述句 语句形式的句子（与命令，问题或感叹号相反）。
定冠词 在英语中，定冠词“是”是指特定名词的确定词。比较不定冠词。 —————separate line —————- Demonstrative A determiner that points to a particular noun or to the noun it replaces. The demonstratives are this, that, these, and those. A demonstrative pronoun distinguishes its antecedent from similar things. When the word precedes a noun, it is sometimes called a demonstrative adjective.
Dependent Clause A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a subordinate clause.
Determiner A word or a group of words that introduces a noun. Determiners include articles, demonstratives, and possessive pronouns.
Direct Object A noun or pronoun in a sentence that receives the action of a transitive verb. Compare to an indirect object.
Ellipsis The omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader. Adjective: elliptical or elliptic. Plural, ellipses.
Exclamatory Sentence A sentence that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, express a command, or ask a question.)
Future Tense A verb form indicating the action that has not yet begun. The simple future is usually formed by adding the auxiliary will or shall to the base form of a verb.
Gender A grammatical classification which in English applies primarily to the third-person singular personal pronouns: he, she, him, her, his, hers.
Gerund A verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun.
Grammar The set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language.
Head The keyword that determines the nature of a phrase. For example, in a noun phrase, the head is a noun or pronoun.
Idiom A set expression of two or more words that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words.
Imperative Mood The form of the verb that makes direct commands and requests.
Imperative Sentence A sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or command. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, ask a question, or express an exclamation.)
Indefinite Article The determiner an or an, which marks an unspecified count noun. A is used before a word that starts with a consonant sound (“a bat,” “a unicorn”). An is used before a word that starts with a vowel sound (“an uncle,” “an hour”).
Independent Clause A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate. An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence. Also known as the main clause.
Indicative Mood The mood of the verb used in ordinary statements: stating a fact, expressing an opinion, asking a question.
Indirect Object A noun or pronoun that indicates to whom or for whom the action of a verb in a sentence is performed.
Indirect Question A sentence that reports a question and ends with a period rather than a question mark.
Infinitive A verbal–usually preceded by the particle to–that can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
示范性的 指向特定名词或它所替代名词的确定器。指示是这个，那个，那些。指示代词将其先行词与相似的事物区别开来。当单词在名词之前时，有时被称为指示形容词。
从句 既有主语又有动词但与独立子句不同的一组词不能单独作为句子。也称为从句。
确定者 引入名词的一个单词或一组单词。限定语包括文章，指示语和所有格代词。
直接宾语 句子中接受和物动词作用的名词或代词。与间接对象进行比较。
省略 省略一个或多个单词，必须由听众或阅读者提供。形容词：椭圆形或椭圆形。复数，椭圆。
感叹句 通过感叹表达强烈感情的句子。 （与做出陈述，表达命令或提出问题的句子进行比较。）
未来时态 动词形式，指示尚未开始的动作。简单的未来通常是通过在动词的基本形式上添加辅助意愿或应有的形式而形成的。
性别 语法分类，主要用于英语，适用于第三人称单数人称代词：他，她，他，她，他的，她的她的。
格伦德 一个以-ing结尾并且用作名词的语言。
语法 处理语言的语法和单词结构的一组规则和示例。
头 确定短语性质的关键字。例如，在名词短语中，头是名词或代词。
成语 两个或多个单词的集合表达，除了单个单词的字面含义外，还表示其他含义。
势在必行 直接发出命令和请求的动词形式。
祈使句 提供建议或指示或表达请求或命令的句子。 （与做出陈述，提出问题或表示感叹的句子相比。）
不定冠词 确定者an或an，它标记未指定的计数名词。在以辅音开头的单词（“蝙蝠”，“独角兽”）之前使用A。在以元音开头的单词（“叔叔”，“一个小时”）之前使用an。
独立条款 一组由主语和谓语组成的单词。独立子句（与从属子句不同）可以单独作为句子。也称为主要子句。
指示性情绪 普通陈述中使用的动词的语气：陈述事实，表达意见，提出问题。
间接宾语 名词或代词，指示句子中的动词对谁执行或针对谁执行。
间接问题 报告问题并以句号而不是问号结尾的句子。
不定式 名词，通常在质点之前，可以用作名词，形容词或副词。 —————separate line —————- Inflection A process of word formation in which items are added to the base form of a word to express grammatical meanings.
-ing Form A contemporary linguistic term for the present participle and gerund: any verb form that ends in -ing.
Intensifier A word that emphasizes another word or phrase. Intensifying adjectives modify nouns; intensifying adverbs commonly modify verbs, gradable adjectives, and other adverbs.
Interjection The part of speech that usually expresses emotion and is capable of standing alone.
Interrogative Sentence A sentence that asks a question. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, deliver a command, or express an exclamation.)
Interrupting Phrase A word group (a statement, question, or exclamation) that interrupts the flow of a sentence and is usually set off by commas, dashes, or parentheses.
Intransitive Verb A verb that does not take a direct object. Contrast with a transitive verb.
Irregular Verb A verb that does not follow the usual rules for verb forms. Verbs in English are irregular if they do not have a conventional -ed form.
Linking Verb A verb, such as a form of be or seem, that joins the subject of a sentence to a complement. Also known as a copula.
Mass Noun A noun (such as advice, bread, knowledge) that names things which cannot be counted. A mass noun (also known as a non-count noun) is used only in the singular. Contrast with count noun.
Modal(情态动词)
A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense.
Modifier（修饰）
A word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to limit or qualify the meaning of another word or word group (called the head).
Mood The quality of a verb that conveys the writer’s attitude toward a subject. In English, the indicative mood is used to make factual statements or pose questions, the imperative mood to express a request or command, and the (rarely used) subjunctive mood to show a wish, doubt, or anything else contrary to fact.
Inflection A process of word formation in which items are added to the base form of a word to express grammatical meanings.
-ing Form A contemporary linguistic term for the present participle and gerund: any verb form that ends in -ing.
Intensifier A word that emphasizes another word or phrase. Intensifying adjectives modify nouns; intensifying adverbs commonly modify verbs, gradable adjectives, and other adverbs.
Interjection The part of speech that usually expresses emotion and is capable of standing alone.
Interrogative Sentence A sentence that asks a question. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, deliver a command, or express an exclamation.)
Interrupting Phrase A word group (a statement, question, or exclamation) that interrupts the flow of a sentence and is usually set off by commas, dashes, or parentheses.
Intransitive Verb A verb that does not take a direct object. Contrast with a transitive verb.
Irregular Verb A verb that does not follow the usual rules for verb forms. Verbs in English are irregular if they do not have a conventional -ed form.
Linking Verb A verb, such as a form of be or seem, that joins the subject of a sentence to a complement. Also known as a copula.
Mass Noun A noun (such as advice, bread, knowledge) that names things which cannot be counted. A mass noun (also known as a non-count noun) is used only in the singular. Contrast with count noun.
Modal A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense.
Modifier A word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to limit or qualify the meaning of another word or word group (called the head).
Mood The quality of a verb that conveys the writer’s attitude toward a subject. In English, the indicative mood is used to make factual statements or pose questions, the imperative mood to express a request or command, and the (rarely used) subjunctive mood to show a wish, doubt, or anything else contrary to fact.
拐点 单词形成的过程，其中将项目添加到单词的基本形式中以表达语法含义。
表格 当前分词和动名词的当代语言术语：以-ing结尾的任何动词形式。
增压器 强调另一个单词或短语的单词。强化形容词修饰名词；强化副词通常会修饰动词，可分级形容词和其他副词。
欹 通常表达情感并且能够独立站立的言语部分。
疑问句 提出问题的句子。 （与做出声明，发出命令或表示感叹的句子进行比较。）
中断语 单词组（陈述，问题或感叹号），可打断句子的流程，通常以逗号，破折号或括号引起。
不及物动词 不带直接宾语的动词。与及物动词对比。
不规则动词 不遵循动词形式通常规则的动词。如果英语动词不具有常规形式，则它们是不规则的。
连接动词 动词，例如be或see的形式，将句子的主语与补语连接也称为copula。
物质名词 名词（例如建议，面包，知识），它表示无法计数的事物。质量名词（也称为非计数名词）仅以单数形式使用。与count名词对比。
模态 动词与另一个动词结合以指示情绪或时态。
修饰符 用作形容词或副词以限制或限定另一个单词或单词组（称为头）的含义的单词，短语或从句。
心情 动词的质量，传达了作者对主题的态度。在英语中，指示性情绪用于陈述事实或提出问题，命令性情绪用于表达请求或命令，（很少使用的）虚拟语气用于表示愿望，疑问或与事实相反的任何事物。
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Negation A grammatical construction that contradicts (or negates) part or all of a sentence’s meaning. Such constructions commonly include the negative particle not or the contracted negative n’t.
Noun The part of speech (or word class) that is used to name or identify a person, place, thing, quality, or action. Most nouns have both a singular and plural form, can be preceded by an article and/or one or more adjectives, and can serve as the head of a noun phrase.
Number The grammatical contrast between singular and plural forms of nouns, pronouns, determiners, and verbs.
Object A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives or is affected by the action of a verb in a sentence.
Objective Case The case or function of a pronoun when it is the direct or indirect object of a verb or verbal, the object of a preposition, the subject of an infinitive, or an appositive to an object. The objective (or accusative) forms of English pronouns are me, us, you, him, her, it, them, whom, and whomever.
Participle A verb form that functions as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing; past participles of regular verbs end in -ed.
Particle A word that does not change its form through inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of parts of speech.
Parts of Speech The traditional term for the categories into which words are classified according to their functions in sentences.
Passive Voice A verb form in which the subject receives the verb’s action. Contrast with active voice.
Past Tense A verb tense (the second principal part of a verb) indicating the action that occurred in the past and which does not extend into the present.
Perfect Aspect A verb construction that describes events occurring in the past but linked to a later time, usually the present.
Person The relationship between a subject and its verb, showing whether the subject is speaking about itself (first person–I or we); being spoken to (second person–you); or being spoken about (third person–he, she, it, or they).
Personal Pronoun A pronoun that refers to a particular person, group, or thing.
Phrase Any small group of words within a sentence or a clause.
Plural The form of a noun that typically denotes more than one person, thing, or instance.
Possessive Case The inflected form of nouns and pronouns usually indicating ownership, measurement, or source. Also known as genitive case.
Predicate One of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb.
Predicative Adjective An adjective that usually comes after a linking verb and not before a noun. Contrast with an attributive adjective.
Prefix A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning.
Prepositional Phrase A group of words made up of a preposition, its object, and any of the object’s modifiers.
Present Tense A verb tense that expresses action in the present time, indicates habitual actions or expresses general truths.
Progressive Aspect A verb phrase made with a form of be plus -ing that indicates an action or condition continuing in the present, past, or future.
Pronoun A word (one of the traditional parts of speech) that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause.
Proper Noun A noun belonging to the class of words used as names for unique individuals, events, or places.
Quotation The reproduction of the words of a writer or speaker. In a direct quotation, the words are reprinted exactly and placed in quotation marks. In an indirect quotation, the words are paraphrased and not put in quotation marks.
Regular Verb A verb that forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed (or in some cases -t) to the base form. Contrast with an irregular verb.
Relative Clause A clause introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, or whose) or a relative adverb (where, when, or why).
Sentence The largest independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. A sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb.
Singular The simplest form of a noun (the form that appears in a dictionary): a category of number denoting one person, thing, or instance.
Subject The part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about.
Subjective Case The case of a pronoun when it is the subject of a clause, a subject complement, or an appositive to a subject or a subject complement. The subjective (or nominative) forms of English pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who and whoever.
Subjunctive Mood The mood of a verb expressing wishes, stipulating demands, or making statements contrary to fact.
Suffix A letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending.
Negation A grammatical construction that contradicts (or negates) part or all of a sentence’s meaning. Such constructions commonly include the negative particle not or the contracted negative n’t.
Noun The part of speech (or word class) that is used to name or identify a person, place, thing, quality, or action. Most nouns have both a singular and plural form, can be preceded by an article and/or one or more adjectives, and can serve as the head of a noun phrase.
Number The grammatical contrast between singular and plural forms of nouns, pronouns, determiners, and verbs.
Object A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives or is affected by the action of a verb in a sentence.
Objective Case The case or function of a pronoun when it is the direct or indirect object of a verb or verbal, the object of a preposition, the subject of an infinitive, or an appositive to an object. The objective (or accusative) forms of English pronouns are me, us, you, him, her, it, them, whom, and whomever.
Participle A verb form that functions as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing; past participles of regular verbs end in -ed.
Particle A word that does not change its form through inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of parts of speech.
Parts of Speech The traditional term for the categories into which words are classified according to their functions in sentences.
Passive Voice A verb form in which the subject receives the verb’s action. Contrast with active voice.
Past Tense A verb tense (the second principal part of a verb) indicating the action that occurred in the past and which does not extend into the present.
Perfect Aspect A verb construction that describes events occurring in the past but linked to a later time, usually the present.
Person The relationship between a subject and its verb, showing whether the subject is speaking about itself (first person–I or we); being spoken to (second person–you); or being spoken about (third person–he, she, it, or they).
Personal Pronoun A pronoun that refers to a particular person, group, or thing.
Phrase Any small group of words within a sentence or a clause.
Plural The form of a noun that typically denotes more than one person, thing, or instance.
Possessive Case The inflected form of nouns and pronouns usually indicating ownership, measurement, or source. Also known as genitive case.
Predicate One of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb.
Predicative Adjective An adjective that usually comes after a linking verb and not before a noun. Contrast with an attributive adjective.
Prefix A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning.
Prepositional Phrase A group of words made up of a preposition, its object, and any of the object’s modifiers.
Present Tense A verb tense that expresses action in the present time, indicates habitual actions or expresses general truths.
Progressive Aspect A verb phrase made with a form of be plus -ing that indicates an action or condition continuing in the present, past, or future.
Pronoun A word (one of the traditional parts of speech) that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause.
Proper Noun A noun belonging to the class of words used as names for unique individuals, events, or places.
Quotation The reproduction of the words of a writer or speaker. In a direct quotation, the words are reprinted exactly and placed in quotation marks. In an indirect quotation, the words are paraphrased and not put in quotation marks.
Regular Verb A verb that forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed (or in some cases -t) to the base form. Contrast with an irregular verb.
Relative Clause A clause introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, or whose) or a relative adverb (where, when, or why).
Sentence The largest independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. A sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb.
Singular The simplest form of a noun (the form that appears in a dictionary): a category of number denoting one person, thing, or instance.
Subject The part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about.
Subjective Case The case of a pronoun when it is the subject of a clause, a subject complement, or an appositive to a subject or a subject complement. The subjective (or nominative) forms of English pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who and whoever.
Subjunctive Mood The mood of a verb expressing wishes, stipulating demands, or making statements contrary to fact.
Suffix A letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending.
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Superlative The form of an adjective that suggests the most or the least of something.
Tense The time of a verb’s action or state of being, such as past, present, and future.
Transitive Verb A verb that takes a direct object. Contrast with an intransitive verb.
Verb The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.
Verbal A verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun or a modifier rather than as a verb.
Word A sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes.
Word Class A set of words that display the same formal properties, especially their inflections and distribution. Similar to (but not synonymous with) the more traditional term part of speech.
最高级 表示某事物最多或最少的形容词形式。
紧张 动词的动作或存在状态的时间，例如过去，现在和将来。
及物动词 带直接宾语的动词。 与不及物动词进行对比。
动词 言语（或单词类别）描述动作或事件或指示存在状态的词性。
口头 在句子中用作名词或修饰语而不是动词的动词形式。
字 声音或声音的组合或其书面表示，象征和传达一种含义，并且可以由单个词素或词素的组合组成。
词类 一组显示相同形式特性的单词，尤其是它们的变形和分布。 类似于（但不等于）更传统的词性。
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