Psychology: study of mental and behavioral patterns and characteristics. 研究心理和行为模式及特征。
Psychology can be defined as the study of mental processes and behavior.
Psychologists also play a vital role in health care by caring for individuals experiencing mental health issues, performing psychotherapy, investigating treatment options, and teaching patients how to manage their symptoms effectively.
Psychology plays an important role in helping people live better lives. By learning about the basics of behavior and the human mind, people can better understand themselves and others.
Socratic method: instructional strategy in which questions are used to elicit an idea, admission, or set of answers. 使用问题来引出想法、承认或一组答案的教学策略。
Words and Phrases
- cortex 皮层
- mindfulness 正念
Topic
The Wisdom of Crowds Effect(集体智慧高于个人智慧)
The wisdom of the crowd is the collective opinion of a diverse and independent group of individuals rather than that of a single expert.
Episodic Memory in Animals(情节记忆)
Episodic memory is the remarkable capacity to remember specific personal experiences. Although it was originally thought that this capacity was particular to humans, the ample evidence reviewed here indicates that core properties of episodic memory are present across mammals, as well as in birds.
Episodic memories are what most people think of as memory and include information about recent or past events and experiences, such as where you parked your car this morning or the dinner you had with a friend last month. The recollection of experiences is contingent on three steps of memory processing: encoding, consolidation/storage and retrieval. The hippocampus and surrounding structures in the temporal lobe are important in episodic memory and are part of an important network called the default mode network, which includes several brain areas including frontal and parietal regions and has been implicated in episodic memory functioning.
情节记忆是“自传式”的主观记忆，这种记忆可能是人类独有的，能与过去的特定时间、地点 、连结的情感，以及其他相关联的知识连系起来，是个可以被明确指出的记忆，一个发生在过去特定时间和地点的个人经历集合。例如，如果一个人记得他或她的6岁生日派对，这就是一个情节记忆，个人可时光倒流回朔发生在那个特定时间和地点的事件。
FMRI(Functional magnetic resonance imaging)
功能性磁共振成像 (Functional magnetic resonance imaging)
功能性磁共振成像是一种神经影像学技术。其原理是利用磁振造影来测量神经元活动所引发之血液动力的改变。由于fMRI的非侵入性和其较少的辐射暴露量，从1990年代开始其就在脑部功能定位领域占有了重要地位。目前，fMRI主要被运用于对人及动物的脑或脊髓之研究中。
Functional MRI (fMRI) Functional MRI is a type of MRI scan that can show which areas of your brain are most active. Tracking and comparing that activity to what you were doing at the time can help “map” your brain activity. It’s most often used for planning surgery or similar procedures in the brain.
A standard MRI scan uses an extremely powerful magnet, radio waves and computer processing to generate highly detailed 3D pictures of the inside of your body. It doesn’t use radiation like an X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan, so there’s no radiation to worry about.
An fMRI scan uses the same MRI machine, but is special because it tracks blood flow in different parts of your brain. Your brain cells use more oxygen when they’re working. That means following the blood flow shows the areas of your brain that are working hardest. Those areas appear brighter on an fMRI scan.
PET Scan 正子断层照影 (Positron emission tomography)
正电子发射断层扫描简称正子断层造影、正电子成像术，是一种核医学临床检查的成像技术。PET技术是目前唯一的用解剖形态方式进行功能、代谢和受体显像的技术，具有无创伤性的特点并能提供全身三维和功能运作的图像。正电子发射计算机断层扫描既是医学也是研究的工具。在肿瘤学临床医学影像和癌扩散方面的研究方面有着大量的应用。
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs. The PET scan uses a radioactive drug called a tracer to show both typical and atypical metabolic activity. A PET scan can often detect the atypical metabolism of the tracer in diseases before the disease shows up on other imaging tests, such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The tracer is most often injected into a vein(静脉) within your hand or arm. The tracer will then collect into areas of your body that have higher levels of metabolic or biochemical activity. This often pinpoints the location of the disease. The PET images are typically combined with CT or MRI and are called PET-CT or PET-MRI scans.
Brain Activity During Musical Improvisation
- Metacognitive Ability and Brains Structure
- Vocabulary Spurt
- When Humans Begin to Learn
- Social Evaluation
- Morality Development
- Theory of Mind
- Self-regulation
- Coordination of Movements with Music
- Joint Attention
- Meshing Hypothesis
- Synesthete
- Mental Map of the Body
- How our expectations affect our taste
- Daydreaming
- Habitual Behaviors
- Decision Making and self-regulation
- Human Creatitity
- Conformity
- Resilience
大脑
海马体（英语：Hippocampus），是脊椎动物脑中的重要部分，其名字来源于这个部位的弯曲形状貌似海马。 灵长类的海马体位于内侧颞叶，拥有海马角及齿状回等构造。 哺乳动物都有两个海马体，分别位于左右大脑半球。 它是组成大脑边缘系统的一部分，位于大脑皮质下方，担当着关于短期记忆、长期记忆，以及空间定位的作用。