Tone
Tone is the author’s attitude toward the topic.
- absurd: silly, ridiculous
- ambivalent: undecided, having mixed emotions, unsure
- amused: entertained, finding humor, expressed by a smile or laugh
- angry: enraged, very mad, incensed, threatening or menacing
- apathetic: lacking concern, showing little or no interest
- arrogant: haughty, acting with false superiority
- bitter: resentful, having strong animosity or rancor
- cheerful: jovial, happy, in good spirits
- comic: humorous, funny
- compassionate: sympathetic, having feeling for others, showing pity, empathy
- complex: complicated, having many varying characteristics
- condescending(表现出优越感；屈尊，俯就): patronizing, stooping to the level of one’s inferious
- critical: disapproving
- cruel: causing suffering, causing pain
- cynical: scornful of the motives or virtues of others, bitterly mocking 认为人皆自私的，愤世嫉俗的；
- depressed: dejected, sad, unhappy, troubled
- detached: uninvolved, having no interest or feelings
- distressed: upset
- gothic 哥特式
- earnest: sincere, showing deep feeling
- formal
- gentle
- hard: unfeeling, hard-hearted, unyielding
- incredulous: doubtful, disbelieving, skeptical
- indignant: angry, angered by something unjust, mean
- intense: deeply felt, concentrated
- intimate: personal, close, deeply associated
- ironic: wry, an unexpected opposite meaning in words or events(台下的观众都知道，台上的演员不知道)
- malicious: 恶意的 spiteful, desiring to harm others or to see or to suffer
- mocking: ridiculing, imitating
- nostalgic(思念家乡): yearning for the past, home sick, wistful
- objective: factual
- optimistic: positive, believing in positive outcomes
- outspoken: frank
- pathetic: pitiful, useless, wretched
- pessimistic: tending to take the worst possible view of a situation
- playful: fun-filled, full of good spirits
- black beauty
- reticent: reserved, restrained
- reverent: respectful, showing deep respect and esteem
- righteous: morally just, morally right, guiltless
- satiric:讽刺的；挖苦的 ridiculing or attacking by means of irony or caustic wit
- sentimental: emotional, showing special feeling forli
- serious: earnest, not funny
- tragic: disastrous, calamitous
- uneasy: lacking security, lacking comfort
- vindictive: revengeful, spiteful, bitter, unforgiving
- simile 明喻
- metaphor 暗喻
- figures of speech 修辞
- personification 拟人化
- onomatopoeia 拟声词
- decorum 端庄的
- hostile 敌对的
- hospitable 好客的，欢迎的
To inform:
- To analyze
- To clarify
- To discuss
- To establish
- To explain
- discursive 分析
To entertain:
- To amuse
- To delight
- To frighten
To persuade:
- To argue against
- To argue for
- To convince
- To criticize
- To inspire(motivate a change)
Structural Devices
- dialogue
- monologue
- aside
- Third-person narrative
- flashbacks 回溯
Romantic
And Hugo, like other Romantics, was also opposed to the artistic rules that the neoclassicists had inherited from the Enlightenment.
像其他浪漫主义者一样，雨果也反对新古典主义从启蒙运动继承的艺术准则。
The Romantics wanted a more passionate kind of theater and it was more rooted in the individual and the individual sensibility.
浪漫主义者要一种更加激情的戏剧，它更加扎根于个体和个体感觉。
There was an ideological struggle between a lot of young people, artists, people who wanted change, and, and people who didn’t.
很多年轻人，艺术家，想要改变的人，不想要改变的人，都有意识形态斗争，