The Nervous System
The nervous and endocrine systems review(神经和内分泌系统综述)
- Central nervous system: Brain, Spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system: nerves
Brain: Brain, cerebellum, spinal bulb
The Circulatory System
The circulartory system transports nutrients and oxygen through the whole body.
Veins 静脉
Veins are blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart. Veins are part of your circulatory system. They work together with other blood vessels and your heart to keep your blood moving. Veins hold most of the blood in your body.
Arteries 动脉
Arteries, part of your circulatory (cardiovascular) system, are the blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of your body’s cells. They play a crucial role in distributing oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout your body.
Capillaries(毛细血管)
Capillaries are delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body. They transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your vascular system.
Heart 心脏
The hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the body of a vertebrate animal by contracting and relaxing. In humans and other mammals, it has four chambers, consisting of two atria and two ventricles(两个心房，两个心室).
The Urinary System 泌尿系统
Kidneys 肾脏
One of a pair of organs in the abdomen. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (as urine 尿) and help keep chemicals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) balanced in the body. The kidneys also make hormones that help control blood pressure and stimulate bone marrow(刺激骨髓)to make red blood cells.
Ureters
The ureters are bilateral thin tubular structures with a 3 to 4 mm diameter that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder. These muscular tubes transport urine from the renal pelvis(肾盂) to the bladder.
Bladder 膀胱
Introduction. The bladder is a subperitoneal, hollow muscular organ that acts as a reservoir for urine. The bladder is located in the lesser pelvis when empty and extends into the abdominal cavity when full.
Urethra 尿道
The urethra is the tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body.
Locomotor system 运动系统
Skeletal system
Bones 骨骼: support body(200+ bones)
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Skull
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Spinal cord
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humerus
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Ribs
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Femur bones
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Jawbone
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Vertebrae
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Clavicle
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Shoulder blade
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Ulna
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Radius
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Sternum
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Pelvis
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Kneecap
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Tibia
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Fibula
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Joints 关节: connect bone, move
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Cartilage 软骨
Muscular System
make movement. elestic, protect organs. filbers: tendons, 600+ muscles.
- Biceps
- Pectorals
- Abs
- Masseter
- Deltoids
- Quadriceps
- Trapezius
- Triceps
- Glutes
- Calves
Respiratory System
In charge of breathing.
- Nose
- Mouth
- Pharynx 咽
- Larynx 喉
- Trachea 气管
- Lungs
- Respiratory system: The body system responsible for gas exchange between the body and the external environment
- Pharynx (throat): Tube connected the nose/mouth to the esophagus
- Larynx (voice box): Tube forming a passage between the pharynx and trachea
- Trachea: Tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs
- Bronchi: Branches of tissue stemming from the trachea
- Bronchiole: Airway that extends from the bronchus
- Alveoli: Structures of the lung where gas exchange occurs
- Diaphragm: Thoracic muscle that lays beneath the lungs and aids in inhalation/exhalation
Red blood cells.
Carbon dioxide
The Digestive System
The digestive and excretory systems review
In charge making food and energy for our bodies.
Morcellation involves cutting uterine or fibroid tissue into smaller pieces to allow removal laparoscopically, vaginally or through smaller cuts on your abdomen.
chew: to crush food into smaller, softer pieces with the teeth so that it can be swallowed; physical breakdown
hydrolysis: enzymatic breakdown; a chemical reaction in which one substance reacts with water to produce another
bolus: a small round lump of a substance, especially partly digested food
- mouth(chew, sliva)
- Pharynx 咽
- Esophagus 食管
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Anus 肛门
The Mmmune System
Homeostasis 体内平衡
Homeostasis, an ideal, balanced state. Disruptions to these feedback loops can affect homeostasis and lead to disease.
Homeostasis describes the tendency for an organism to maintain stable internal conditions.
Diseases
Diabetes 糖尿病
For example, diabetes is a disease caused by disruptions to the feedback loop involving insulin. Because of these disruptions, it is difficult or impossible for the body to bring high blood glucose down to an optimal level. This can be harmful to the body, causing damage to the kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. There are two types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2.
In type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, glucose remains in the bloodstream, resulting in high blood glucose levels. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require regular insulin injections or insulin pump therapy to manage their blood sugar levels.
In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin. Despite the presence of insulin, glucose is not effectively taken up by the cells, resulting in high blood glucose levels. Management of type 2 diabetes includes lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin injections if the pancreas has lost its ability to make its own insulin.
The cell cycle and mitosis
Interphase 间期
Fertillization, growth, and cell differentiation
- sperm 精子；精液；鲸蜡油
- egg 卵子
- zygote 受精卵
- somatic (body)
- Haploid and diploid cells
The zygote differtianetes to other more speciallized cells.