- cyanobacteria 蓝细菌(first photosynthesizer)
- hospitable 好客
- thorn 荆棘
- bark 树皮
- spiral 螺线
- stalk 茎, stem
- lichens 地衣
- moss
- fungus
- algae
- symbiotic relationship
- crank out a lot of chemicals
shrubs
Usually, shrubs are distinguished from trees by their height and multiple stems. Some shrubs are deciduous (e.g. hawthorn) and others evergreen (e.g. holly).
graft: to cause a plant to reproduce asexually by inserting one part of a plant into another plant.
prune: to cut or trim branches from a tree, bush, or shrub.
Their techniques are still used by modern farmers, such as crop rotation, pruning, grafting, seed selection, and manuring.
manuring 施肥
The earliest known attempts at agriculture may have been in the Fertile Crescent, or Mesopotamia.
The Middle Ages saw the development of a system of three-field crop rotation that helped preserve land fertility.
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How Plants Meet Their Needs
Plants’ roots help anchor them to the ground and absorb water and nutrients.
The stem supports the plants andd takes water and nutrients to the leaves.
The leaves collect sunlight and perform photosynthesis to make the plant’s food.
- root
- transportation system
- photosynthesis 光合作用
- chloroplast 叶绿体
- respiration 呼吸
- Xylem 木质部: transport water and nutrients from the bottom to the top
- phloem （植）韧皮部；筛部, carry the sugar from the leaves throughout the plant.
Parts of a Plant
- root system: absorbs water and minerals 根系，地下部分
- Shoot syste: 地上部分
- Stem: supports the plant
- Fruit: protects the seeds
- Leaf(leaves): Performs photosynthesis
- Flower: helps in reproduction
- seeds
- ground tissue 根组织
- vascular tissue 导管组织
- epidermis 上皮，表皮
- primary root
- lateral root
- root hairs
- root tip
- root cap
root system function
- Anchorage
- Absorption
- Storage
- Transport
- Hormones
Shoot system function
- Photosynthesis
- Reproduction
- Storage
- Transport
- Hormones
Vascular Plants
- Seedless Vascular: ferns, lycophytes, monilophytes
- Gymnosperms 裸子植物: ginkgos, cyads, gnetophytes, conifers
- Angiosperms 被子植物: monocots, eudicots
Photosynthesis
water + carbon dioxide + light -> oxygen + sugar
How Do Plants Reproduce?
The anther is the male part that has the pollen. 花药是含有花粉的雄性部分。
The pistil is the female part the includes the stigma. 雌蕊是包括柱头的雌性部分。
When pollen reaches the stigma, the egg cells can be fertilized. 当花粉到达柱头时，卵细胞即可受精。
- stamen:雄蕊, the male part of the flower that has two parts
- stigma:柱头 The stigma is part of the female reproductive system of a flower.
- pistil:雌蕊, the female part of the flower that has three parts
- anther: 花药
- pollen 花粉, tiby grains that are responsible for fertilizing a flower’s egg cells.
- pollination: the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
- self-pollination
- cross-pollination
- insect pollinated flowers
- wind pollinated flowers
- nectary(蜜腺): produde nectar(花蜜), a sugary substance that insects feed on
- mutualism: bees and flowers
- ovary 子房
- petal 花瓣
- get stuck on 粘在
- embryo 胚芽
- germinate 发芽，发育
What are some kinds of plants that produce seeds?
Angiosperms(被子植物) are plants that produce both flowers and seeds.
The majority of plants on the Earth are angiosperms.
Pine trees are gymnosperms(裸子植物), so they produce seeds but not flowers or fruits.
Plants without Seeds
They are either vascular plants or nonvascular plants. 它们要么是维管植物，要么是非维管植物。 They use spores to reproduce. 它们利用孢子进行繁殖。
They have similar life cycles. spores -> new moss苔藓 plant -> male branch, female branch -> fertilized egg(egg cell+sperm) -> spore case -> spores
- Ferns 蕨类
- angiosperms and gymnosperms 被子植物和裸子植物
- fronds 叶状体
- mosses 苔藓
- sexual reproduction 有性生殖
- asexual reproduction 无性繁殖
- spore 孢子
- rhizome 根茎
- vein 叶脉，茎脉