Art History

艺术历史

2024-02-26
Yongqiang Qu

优先级从前往后降低：文学、艺术、建筑、绘画、音乐

听力都记录下来就没太大问题。按照大意和文章脉络，关键点，But转折，小细节。

艺术讨论的问题

  • 艺术作品强调作者个人的风格，艺术家都会借鉴其他人的作品。
  • 艺术作品的特点和风格以及形成的原因。
  • 艺术作品形成某种风格的原因，绘画技术（颜料）发展。
  • 该艺术家的技术特点，2个小细节
  • 艺术家的职业生涯环境，新技术对她的职业的影响
  • 开始不受欢迎，晚期或者过世多年，作品才重新收到认识。
  • 艺术家的观点会如何通过她的作品体现出来？
  • 2个小细节，证明艺术家在当时的地位很高
  • 教授对某种艺术风格，某个人，有自己的看法和评价
  • 其他艺术作品或风格，对这个艺术家的影响，以及体现在什么方面？

Hierarchy of Art Genres

  • history and religious
  • Genre Scences
  • Portraits
  • Landscape
  • Still-life

Words

  • personification 拟人化
  • patrons: a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, or cause.
  • forgery: 伪造品，赝品。the action of forging a copy or imitation of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art.
  • date a painting: 确定画的年代
  • portrait n. 肖像
  • realism: 现实主义，what it is, accurate, objective as possible
  • expressionism: artist express subject. subjective emotions, showing the inner reality as interpreted by the artist rather than the outward form.
  • portray v. 描绘
  • statue 雕像，雕塑
  • bronze n. 青铜
  • choir 合唱团
  • stencil painting 塑模画，模版
  • Cave art 岩洞艺术
  • lit 发光的 点亮
  • tress 头发，编头发或绳子
  • Museum curators 博物馆展览组织者
  • pigment 颜料
  • heroism, divinity, or youth. 英雄主义、神性或青春
  • marble statues 大理石雕像
  • monochrome 单色
  • polychrome 多色
  • disintegrate 瓦解
  • pigment 颜料
  • weathered away 风化了
  • deteriorate 褪色，退化
  • exposed to the elements 暴露在自然环境中
  • accidentally: unknowingly
  • armor 盔甲
  • cloak 披风
  • battlefield 战场
  • nursery 苗圃，幼儿园
  • formal analysis of a painting 一幅画的形式分析
  • color, texture, line, shapes, proportion, and composition
  • what aspects are emphasized
  • an abstract representation of something
  • harsh lines or soft lines
  • nterpretation of the work
  • self-contained: (of a person) quiet and independent; not depending on or influenced by others.
  • realistic impressionism
  • restoring and preserving pieces of art 修复和保存艺术品
  • stretchy figures
  • poetry 诗歌，诗集
  • soprano 女高音
  • lace 蕾丝
  • palimpsest
  • Curator 策展人，策展人是为美术馆、博物馆、图书馆或其它商业单位安排艺术家与场地方媒合展览事宜，或是决定文物呈现方式的独立工作者。
  • brushstroke 一笔
  • frescos 壁画
  • commission 订单，委托
  • mason 石匠
  • scandalous 令人愤慨的，可耻的；丑闻的
  • contemporary works 当代作品：指现代或近代的艺术作品，如绘画、音乐、文学等。
  • conquistadors 征服者
  • patronage 资助，赞助; under the royal patronage of Louis the XIV, …
  • composer 作曲家；作曲者
  • awesome composition
  • composition (音乐、艺术、诗歌的) 作品；
  • intendent n.<废语>监督官；管理者；地方行政法官
  • libretto 诗歌集；剧本
  • singspiel n. 德国轻歌剧；歌唱剧
  • grandeur 壮丽，雄伟；（社会地位的）高贵
  • inculcate v. 教育；谆谆教诲；教授；反复灌输
  • meaningful 有意义的，重要的；
  • splendid 极佳的，非常好的；壮丽的，灿烂的，辉煌的；（一段时光）令人愉快的
  • meaningfulness 有意义
  • disguise v./n 伪装
  • theme n./v.（谈话、书籍、电影等的）题目，主题；（音乐的）主旋律；（电影、电视节目、广播节目的）主题音乐，主题曲；（学生的）作文；（聚会、房间等的）风格；（句子的）主位；（名词、动词等的）词干；<史>（拜占庭帝国的）行政区
  • incarceration n. 监禁；下狱；禁闭
  • revise 修订
  • absorb 吸收
  • dancer-choreographer 舞者兼编舞家
  • episode 一集;一段经历，一段时期；
  • movement 运动；
  • influenced by 被影响
  • inspired by 被启发
  • notable 显要的，值得注意的；非常成功的，令人尊敬的
  • popular works
  • renowned 有名望的，著名的
  • prestigious 有威望的，有声望的
  • outstanding 杰出的，优秀的；显著的，突出的；未解决的，未完成的；
  • masterpiece
  • lyrics 歌词；抒情诗
  • melodious score 悠扬的分数
  • enchanting 迷人的
  • establish his reputaion 建立他的声望
  • finales 终场，尾声: 一个表演、音乐作品或其他活动的最后部分。
  • comic 喜剧
  • thrill v./n. 兴奋，激动
  • outwit v. 瞒骗；以智取胜
  • was commissioned by sb. 受某人委托
  • commission n/v 委托
  • play
  • writer
  • highly regarded 备受推崇的：被广泛认可和尊重的，具有很高的声誉和地位。
  • protagonist 主人公
  • it involved the use of …
  • supernumeraries n．临时演员，替补演员
  • blockbuster 一鸣惊人的事物，（尤指）非常成功的书（或电影）
  • blockbuster film 大片：制片成本较高、制作精良、宣传力度大、场面壮观的电影。
  • flamboyance 华丽；炫耀
  • backgrounds and costumes
  • revere v. <正式>尊敬，崇敬
  • expats n./v. 亡命国外者
  • became a huge success
  • effective 有效的
  • efficient 高效的
  • expatriate v./adj./n. 旅居国外者，侨民；被流放者
  • grandeur 壮丽，雄伟；
  • admirable 令人钦佩的，极其出色的
  • behold v 看
  • it was a joy to do sth.
  • overwhelming 难以抗拒的;巨大的，压倒性的
  • dominion 主权，统治权；支配；领土
  • which made him a national hero
  • it is considered to be …
  • seamless blending of the two 两者的无缝融合
  • transcendent 卓越的；超常的；出类拔萃的
  • barbers v/n 理发店
  • baton 指挥棒
  • outrageous 离谱
  • director(导演): the person in charge of everything, to tell the story
  • performers: singing
  • orchestra: playing music
  • conductor: guiding the music
  • set design: what are they standing against, standing on, and wearing
  • impasto 厚涂（油画技法）

A Brief History of Art Movements

The first piece of visual art in history is from 40,000 years ago. Even before the existence of written language, our Neanderthal ancestors made some of the earliest images we have. The need to create is a part of being human. It’s as old as our species; as innate as any other desire, the need to eat, to seek protection, to love.

Many of us think of art and our minds immediately jump to a framed painting or kneeling statue in a museum. Thinking it’s too nuanced and convoluted to understand. It’s intimidating. But art is not just for the ones seeking it out. It’s for anyone who wants to experience it. It’s not a luxury. Really, Art is anything that stirs emotion in us.

When I first began learning about art history, I wanted to know one thing above all — the timeline. The idea of progress through the years is intriguing. And the evolution of art goes hand in hand with advancements in technology, expansion of knowledge, and the growth of society over the years. If we want to know more about who we are as a society today, we should look back.

Prehistoric Art(Before 3,000 BC)

Before the development of written language, humans were creating cave paintings, and rock engravings as a way to share information between themselves and other tribes. This was a time when human survival was the only priority and so the art from this period reflected that; depicting stick figures and animals often in scenes of the hunt. The exception to this art movement is the Venus of Willendorf, a small sculpture of a nude woman with exaggerated features of fertility. Very little is known about its origins but many researchers believe it to be a fertility Goddess.

Ancient Art(3,000 BC to 400)

古代艺术：指在美索不达米亚地区一些最古老的文明中发展起来的艺术形式。

Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt, Persia, Rome, China.

In these societies, art played an important role as a means of enforcing religious and political ideologies.

It included symbolic imagery, mythological stories, and text to tell stories of gods rulers.

The Code of Hammurabi.

Medieval Art(500 to 1400) 中世纪

Betwwen the end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of Renaissance in Europe.

One god.

Medieval artists were trying to convey religious messages in their art and were not so concerned with Realism.

They depicted clear iconic images of religious figures and decorated them with extensive use of gold and jewels as a way to attract more people to the church.

Renaissance Art(1400s to 1600s, rebirth) 文艺复兴

The term Renaissance derives from the Italian word Rinascimento, or “rebirth.”

From the 14th through the 17th century, Italy underwent a period of enlightenment, and artists started to appreciate cultural subjects like art, music, and theatre, as well as religion. The term Renaissance derives from the Italian word Rinascimento, or “rebirth.”

Artists of this period looked back at Ancient Rome and Greece and found inspiration in classical art, which materialized in portrait paintings, anatomically correct sculptures, and symmetrical architecture.

The invention of the printing press during this time period also helped push creation even further. By making books more widely available, the literacy rates in Europe were higher than ever, and so people were more open to appreciate this cultural explosion.

古典主義建築

古典主義建築，指的是一類以希臘、羅馬風格建造的建築藝術，亦是歐洲建築藝術的源頭，下啟哥特式藝術。

儘管古典建築風格可能有很大差異，但總體來說，它們都可以說是利用裝飾性和建設元素的共同「詞彙」。 在西方世界的大部分地區，不同的古典建築風格主導著自文藝復興到第二次世界大戰的建築史，儘管直到今天它仍在繼續為許多建築師提供資訊。自卡洛林文艺复兴以來，已經延伸不同風格的古典建築，更是以義大利文藝復興以後的建築案例尤為突出。

哥特式艺术

哥特式艺术（法語：Art gothique），又译哥德式艺术、歌德式藝術，指的是歐洲中世紀的一種藝術形態，其風格同時具有神聖性和暗黑性，最常見於宗教建築中，在音樂、繪畫和彫塑上也有很多。該藝術上接古典主義建築藝術，下啟文藝復興式藝術。

文艺复兴藝術

文艺复兴藝術，是文艺复兴时代對欧洲整體美术风格的一個總称，也屬於整个文艺复兴运动的一部份。該藝術風格上接哥特式藝術，下啟巴洛克藝術。

Baroque Art(1600s to 1730s) 巴洛克(lavish 奢侈)

As the Renaissance period was coming to an end emerged the Baroque movement. Art during this period emphasized extravagance and emotion(奢侈与情感). Look at the drama that Caravaggio has created here through his meticulous treatment of light and shadows.

Artists using other mediums also accomplished a sense of theatricality(戏剧风格；不自然；夸张). The sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini forged(锻造) a new path for future artists through his amazing skills in manipulating marble to create intricate drapery(复杂的布料). Architects across Europe took to this art movement to embellish(修饰) their designs, from more ornate carvings(华丽的雕刻) to adding in columns and dome-like ceilings to their structures.

Rococo(1700s to 1770s) 洛可可(decorative 装饰)

Following the opulence(富裕；丰富) of the Baroque movement, came the playful and utopian(乌托邦的) Rococo period, blossoming in 18th century France and quickly spreading across Europe. The term Rococo comes from the French word Rocaille(花园石贝装饰物), which is a method of decorating furniture(家具；装置) and interiors with pebbles and seashells(鹅卵石和贝壳). This decorative style has fluid asymmetrical forms, elaborate ornamentation, lighter pastel colors, and whimsical narratives.(精致的装饰，浅色柔和的色彩，以及异想天开的叙述。)

Neoclassicism (1770s to 1840s, 新古典主义)

After the lavishness of the Baroque period and the decorative aesthetic of Rococo, there was a renewed interest in the simplicity, principles, and subject matter of the art from Ancient Rome and Greece. The discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum buried roman archaeological cities brought a renewed sense of interest for Neoclassical artists to look back. This art movement can be distinguished by its classic-looking subjects, minimal use of color, attention to lines and symmetry, and clear definition of forms and figures. The 18th-century European art world was dominated by Neoclassicism until Romanticism came around.

Romanticism(1800s to 1850s) 浪漫主义

While Romantic artists also valued the individuality that was depicted in Neo-classical artworks, they looked within and found inspiration in their own imaginations, and the nature around them. This art movement predominantly looked into the spiritual side of humanity, exploring the essence of the natural world, and the value of personal freedom and expression.

French Revolution(1848)

Realism(1850s to 1880s) 未装饰的日常生活，像照片

The French Revolution of 1848, established the right to work in the country and brought on the anti-institutional art movement of Realism. These artists rejected what came before them, exotic scenes of religious figures, clergy, nobility, and mythology.

Instead, they focused on depicting real people in everyday life. Realism was the first art movement that gave a voice to the members of society that were overlooked up to this point because of their social and financial circumstances. Realist artists depicted contemporary life and nature, completely unembellished(未装饰的). A close observation of people, the paintings almost look like photographs.

Impressionism(1860s to 1880s)(intense and vibrant scene of modern life)

Separating from Realism, Impressionism started when a group of French artists broke academic traditions by painting outside, en-Plein-air. A controversial and shocking decision that got them rejected from the official French Salon. This rigid traditionalism forced these artists to start their own alternative exhibition which was held annually for three decades until the beginning of World War I.

Some of the founding members of this art movement include Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas. These artists did not create images that followed in the footsteps of Realism, of paying attention to lines, and realistically-painted subjects but instead, they opened their compositions to capture the transient presence of sunlight and movement. The result is an intense and vibrant scene of modern life. You know a painting is done in the Impressionist style when the brushstrokes are visible and small, there is little blending and the colors are vivid.

Post-impressionism(1880s to 1905)(subjective vision)

This art movement is an extension of impressionism, yet at the same, it rejects some of its limitations. Post-impressionist artists continued using bold colours and painting scenes of modern life but left behind their predecessors’ spontaneous and naturalistic rendering of light and movement. The major figures were Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Georges Seurat.

This art movement really highlighted each artist’s subjective vision and in turn, Post-impressionism includes many art styles like Neo-Impressionism, and art techniques like Pointillism, and divisionism. These artists incorporated science and imagination into their art as a way to convey more powerful scenes.

Expressionism(1905 to 1920)(solely subjective)

Meanwhile, in the neighboring northern countries, a modernist movement was gaining steam. Expressionism was found in poetry and paintings, presenting the world solely from a subjective point of view. Expressionist artists radically distorted the scenes on their canvases to align with their mood, emotions, and ideas. Imbuing(灌输) their works with power through emotional experiences as a response to a rapidly changing world. These works were often done in vivid and lurid colors, and centered around disfigured subjects. They offered the viewers a new meaning to what is considered beautiful. One that did not concern itself with recreating the physical reality, but instead celebrated the internal chaos of what it’s truly like to be a free-spirited human. The good and the bad of it all.

Art Nouveau(1890s to 1910s) 新艺术运动, 蜿蜒的线条和叶状形式

新艺术运动：一种19世纪末期的设计风格，以蜿蜒的线条和叶状形式为特征。

Near the end of the 19th century, a movement of “new art” spread across European countries and took on different names and characteristics. In Austria, it was called the “Vienna Secession” In Spain, it was “Modernisme,” and in France, as it’s more commonly known, “Art Nouveau.” Artists of many mediums embraced this movement. Art Nouveau was heavily featured in paintings, but also in architecture, decorative arts, and its most enduring medium—posters. This art movement is characterized by long sinuous lines, almost like the stems and petals of flowers. A rhythmic scene. It modernized the path of art progression, seeking to escape traditional styles and instead creating luxurious works by returning back to nature. Two-dimensional, filled with geometric forms, and flat.

Cubism 立体派；立体主义(same plane, different views)

Two-dimensional, filled with geometric forms, and flat. This is Cubism, one of the most important art movements of the 20th century. Founded by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the early 1900s, Cubism completely breaks down the art movements that came before it. The two men analyzed the subjects they wanted to paint, broke it apart, and put it back together on the canvas in an abstract form. Cubist artists wanted to show different viewpoints of the subject on the same plane. They painted in a way that suggested a three-dimensional form by emphasizing the two-dimensional flatness. Bringing together different views of the subjects in the same painting. This was a new and fresh form of representation. Playing with the typical perspective that had been around since the Renaissance. They threw out the rule book, and what’s more, is that they opened the door for the development of abstract modern art movements that came after.

Futurism(1909 to 1914) 未来主义(machines, restless energy of modern life)

Around the same time, Cubism was picking up steam in France, another movement was growing out of Italy. The energy and the dynamism of the modern world excited many artists about the future. Launched by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Futurist artists of all mediums passionately denounced the oppressive culture of the past and welcomed the modern world of technology and industry. In his Manifesto of Futurism, Marinetti said “we will free Italy from her innumerable museums which cover her like countless cemeteries.” This art movement is characterized by the power of machines, and the restless energy of modern life.

World War 1 (1914-1918)

Dadaism(1916 to 1924) 达达主义 Anti-war movement

达达主义的主要特征包括：追求清醒的非理性状态、拒绝约定俗成的艺术标准、幻灭感、愤世嫉俗；追求无意、偶然和随兴而做的境界等等。这场运动的诞生是对野蛮的第一次世界大战（1914-1918）的一种抗议。达达主义者们坚信是中产阶级的价值观催生了第一次世界大战，而这种价值观是一种僵化、呆板的压抑性力量，不仅仅体现在艺术上，还遍及日常生活的方方面面。达达主义运动影响了后来的一些文艺流派，包括超现实主义和激浪派。

The landscape of art changed drastically after the start of WWI. One art movement rejected all logic, reason, and order of western civilization that caused the horrors of war. Dada is often referred to as an “anti-war” movement to follow anything set by the bourgeois society. They felt that the war made them question every aspect of the societies they were living in. A society that started this horrific event and what’s worse, continued it. And so these artists produced works that were satirical(讽刺的) in nature. They wanted to destroy traditional artistic values and create something new to replace it.

Surrealism(1920s to 1960s) 超现实主义

This twentieth-century art movement explored the inner workings of the mind, aiming to revolutionize the human experience. Surrealism can be difficult to grasp. This imaginative movement, led by Andre Breton, a French writer, and Poet, fascinated viewers then and even today. Influenced by the writings of psychologist Sigmund Freud, Surrealist artworks show us the uninhibited works of these artists, free of the boundaries of the rational mind as they tap into their subconscious.

Many surrealists, like Salvador Dali even used Automatism to draw inspiration from their unconscious minds. This is a method of art-making in which the artist releases conscious control over the creation process, to allow the unconscious mind to take over. Surrealist artworks challenged perceptions and reality by juxtaposing unrealistic subject matter with realistic painting styles. The movement’s ideologies extended past the artistic mediums, to inspire political liberation. Many Surreal artists turned to political activism, taking on these revolutionary concepts from their creations and applying it to their lives and communities.

Bauhaus(1920s to 1930s) 鲍豪斯建筑学派,German

Throughout the 1920s and 30s, the art movement of choice for experimental European artists was Bauhaus. Established by Walter Gropius in 1919 Germany, Bauhaus was a revolutionary school of art that aimed to show art in everyday life and not just in fine arts museums. Its name comes from the German words for building and house. Perhaps hoping to invoke the idea of a fraternity in the school, working together to build a new society. This school housed many well-known artists as instructors including Wassily Kandinsky, and Paul Klee. Bauhaus art is characterized by abstract styles, geometric shapes, and aesthetics that include no historical, mythical, or emotional sources.

Abstract Expressionism(1940s to 1950s)

Abstract Expressionism was the first American movement to become popular internationally. Following World War II, this movement incorporated the dark trauma of the war that lingered, with the spontaneity(自发性) of Surrealism. Within this movement, there are two groups of artists: Action painters who filled their canvases with expressive brush strokes like Jackson Pollock; and the color field painters who created canvases with large areas of a single color like Mark Rothko. Both artists were leaders of the movement and showcased their individualism and American spirit. Through their innovation, they created original and almost meditative works of art.

  • trauma: 创伤
  • lingered 徘徊

Pop Art 流行艺术

In the 1950s, in post-war Britain and America, young artists began to revolt against the traditional views on what art should be. They felt what they were taught in art schools or saw in museums, had nothing to do with their everyday lives or what they considered to be art. So they turned to what surrounded them for inspiration. Hollywood movies, product packaging, comic books, and advertisement posters. They used mundane items from mass media to usher in a new and accessible approach to art that even today is unique and recognizable. Pop artists were imaginative. They used repetition, bold imagery, and bright color palettes to introduce art to new demographics, this time without intimidation but through familiarity.

Minimalism(1960s to 1970s)

Free of the artist’s input, Minimalism is an extreme form of abstract art that was developed in the US in the 1960s. It embraces literalism, rejecting self-referential narratives, to instead highlight the characteristics of the artwork, believing art should have its own reality. Minimalist artists like Carl Andre, Frank Stella, and Donald Judd, use factory-made objects, precise hard-edged forms, and geometric shapes to create pieces free of outside influence. “What you see is what you see.” The viewer is to only observe what is in front of them.

Contemporary Art(1960s to present) 当代艺术

Though the date of the start of this movement is unclear, it’s commonly known as “the art of today.” If you’ve ever stepped inside a modern art gallery, you know that it’s impossible to sum up this movement in a few words. It sometimes feels as if the general public rejects it, feeling that it doesn’t necessarily count as art. That might due to the fact that contemporary art is often about ideas, rather than aesthetics and so there are no clear visual styles for viewers to hold onto, like some other movements that have recognizable features. Contemporary artists like Jean-Michel Basquiat, Yayoi Kusama and Damien Hirst create art of all mediums that reflect the issues of our societies. Not only self-contained pieces, contemporary art moves beyond the walls of galleries and museums. These artworks are a part of a bigger cultural dialogue around identity, community, and nationality.

Conclusion

As we come back to the present, looking back at the progression of the history of art, there’s a bit more clarity. Exploring each art movement makes such a vast topic digestible. A linear timeline filled with talented individuals over the years that always moves forward; towards something more, something new, something that excites a generation. The need to create is human. That’s for sure. But art is also a business, and those whose names we are familiar with today were chosen based on their amazing set of skills and talents, as well as an array of privileges, timing, and sometimes pure luck.

What’s missing from western art history are the people, and cultures that influenced these movements. Those who have had a great deal of influence, yet are rarely recognized. The Japanese artists who inspired Van Gogh and Degas. Picasso and Modigliani’s African-influenced periods, and the ideals of indigenous art that inspired contemporary artists to represent in their artworks something beyond themselves.

We live in a visual world, constantly looking at images whether we realize it or not. Through learning about art, we can see where we’ve come from, who we were as a society, and most importantly we can make informed decisions about where we want to be, and what we need to do today, to live in a more inclusive world tomorrow.

绘画流派(艺术流派，艺术运动)

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8

Academic Painting

学院艺术是一种在欧洲艺术学院和大学的影响下所产生的绘画和雕塑的流派。 学院艺术专指那些在新古典主义和浪漫主义运动中，受法兰西艺术院订立的标准所影响的画家和艺术品，以及跟随着这两种运动并试图融合两者作为风格的艺术，最具代表性的如威廉·阿道夫·布格罗、汤玛斯·库图尔、汉斯·马卡特。

印象派(impressionism)

A type of painting with small heavy stokes, usually about things outside.

Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, unusual visual angles, and inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience. Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s.

朦胧，细笔触，光的变化，日常。

Impressionism developed in France in the nineteenth century and is based on the practice of painting out of doors and spontaneously ‘on the spot’ rather than in a studio from sketches. Main impressionist subjects were landscapes and scenes of everyday life.

印象派画作常见的特色是笔触未经修饰而显见，构图宽广无边，尤其着重于光影的改变、对时间的印象，并以生活中的平凡事物做为描绘对象。

表现主义(expressionism 情感)

强调情感：emotion

现实主义（realism）

跟照片一样，真实, very lifelike, real looking.

A type of painting that is lifelike or real looking.

realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations.

抽象 Abstractionism

Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.

Romanticism 浪漫主义

The purpose of the movement was to advocate for the importance of subjectivity, imagination, and appreciation of nature in society and culture in response to the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution.

Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as the glorification of the past and nature, preferring the medieval over the classical. Romanticism was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,[3] and the prevailing ideology of the Age of Enlightenment, especially the scientific rationalization of Nature.[4]

Art Movements(After the Renaissance)

What are some art movements since the Renaissance?

  • Baroque(巴洛克) Art focused on both emotional and dramatic scenes.
  • Cubism(立体派) was formed by using geometric shapes when painting figures.
  • 波普艺术 (Pop art), like the art that Andy Warhol created, uses all sorts of materials. 流行艺术：指起源于20世纪60年代的一种现代艺术形式，使用来自日常生活的图像和物品。

Baroque Art(1600-1750)(dramatic引人注目/夸张的 style)

Compared with the classicism of the Renaissance, Baroque Art is characterized by the dramatic contrast of light and shadow as well as vivid emotional expressions. Baroque often evokes an emotional and dramatic feeling in the viwer.

  • architecture, music and literature.
  • artists: Caravaggio, Rembrandt and Rubens

巴洛克建筑是一种极具装饰性和戏剧性的建筑风格，起源于十七世纪的意大利，并逐渐传遍欧洲。 它将原本罗马人文主义的文艺复兴建筑，添上新的华丽、夸张及雕刻风气，彰现出国家与教会的专制主义的丰功伟业。 此新式建筑着重于色彩、光影、雕塑性与强烈的巴洛克特色。

Rococo Art(France, 1750-1800)(flashy浮华的 style)

Rococo Art is characterized by its decorative and lighthearted look that uses delicate pastel colors. 洛可可艺术的特点是装饰和轻松的外观，使用细腻的柔和色彩。

洛可可（法语：Rococo）风格起源于18世纪的法国，是一种具有粉嫩柔软风格的装饰、室内设计和艺术风格，它结合了不对称性、曲线、雕刻和视觉陷阱手法，能在静态的物品中创造一种运动感。该风格上接巴洛克艺术，下启新古典主义艺术[1]。

Neoclassicism(1750-1800, reason, orderly)

新古典主义画派（Neoclassicism）是18世纪欧洲流行的新古典主义思潮在美术界的表现，他们对为贵族服务的奢华菲靡的洛可可艺术不满，向古典希腊、罗马的艺术中寻求新题材。

Romantic(1850-1890, emotion and imagination)

artists: Blake, Delacroix and Goya

Realism(1850-1890) (paint exactly as they saw)

  • artists: Jean Millet
  • Gustave Courbet

Modern Art（1860-1970）

  • impressionism(abstract, did not paint their subjects exactly as they looked)
  • artists: Monet, Manet, Van Gogh, Cezanne

Pop Art

波普艺术（pop art，又译为普普艺术或通俗艺术），是一个探讨通俗文化与艺术之间关连的艺术运动。波普艺术试图推翻抽象表现艺术并转向符号，商标等具象的大众文化主题。波普艺术这个字目前已知的是由1956年英国艺术评论家罗伦斯·艾伟（Lawrence Allowey）所提出。

波普艺术同时也是一些讽刺市侩贪婪本性的延伸。

从意识型态和社会发展的背景来看，波普艺术在1960年代来反抗当时的权威文化和架上艺术，不但具有对传统学院派的反抗，也同时具有否定现代主义艺术的成分，虚无主义、无政府主义是波普艺术的精神核心。

波普艺术特殊的地方在于它对于流行时尚有相当特别而且长久的影响力。不少服装设计，平面设计师都直接或间接的从波普艺术中取得灵感。

艺术类文章

文章结构

  • 艺术家是谁
  • 有什么样的风格
  • 通过什么样的技巧展现他的风格
  • 最后对艺术家的生平进行一定的介绍，说明他为什么会产生这样的风格

出题点

  • 艺术家
  • 风格特征
  • 体现风格的方式
  • 生平背景

画家展示自己风格的方式

颜色，线条，形状。

Ancient Greek Drama

Opera 歌剧(light-hearted musical drama)

light-hearted 轻松的；无忧无虑的

Opera allows us to tell stories about our emotion, whether we are happy, sad, crying, depressed, excited(兴奋), thrilled(激动), ecstatic(狂喜).

Roman drams may be too serious.

Opera, which began in Italy, revived classical Greek drama.

Drama came from the mythologies of the Ancient Greeks. Opera, a musical drama, originated in Italy. Operas were created for royal families to celebrate events and brag about their wealth.

Opera evolved from intermezzo, which is a short piece of music written to be played on its own or as part of a longer piece. Intermezzi -> opera(new form of music)

Opera is about using music to tell stories. A great opera is about the synthesis of story and music.

Italy -> France -> Englang -> Italy

Works: Idomeneo

visuals 图形部分；外观改装；可视教具（visual 的复数）

Kind of operas:

  • opera comica: funny operas
  • opera seria: serious operas
  • grand opera: huge, like parades and floats and many characters and extras
  • intimate opera(亲密的；个人的，隐私的): stories that we can tell very simply in small places

Other Words:

  • surtitles 唱词字幕
  • overture 前奏曲
  • epic stories: Carmen
  • fairytales: Cinderella
  • intimidate 威吓

People in an opera:

  • director(导演): the person in charge of everything, to tell the story
  • performers: singing
  • orchestra: playing music
  • conductor: guiding the music
  • set design: what are they standing against, standing on, and wearing

Ballet

Dance

Articles

Art Conservation - a Palimpsest of Archimedes’ writing

Vocabularies:

  • restoring and preserving pieces of art 修复和保存艺术品
  • frescoes 壁画
  • artifacts 文物
  • palimpsest 重写本
  • commonplace vs revolutionary
  • moldy
  • decay
  • forger 铁匠；伪造者
  • scribe
  • spinach 菠菜(has iron)
  • interdisciplinary 交叉学科
  • film making

Summary:

Old artifacts are very valuable when they represent early technologies, all contain important historical information.

Not much of his work has survived, but what has survived is brilliant.

Now, a palimpsest is a type of manuscript that contains writing that’s hidden because something else was written over it later.

It could have ended up tucked away in a private collection, but fortunately, the collector who bought it has agreed to have experts restore every single word Archimedes wrote, so the contents can be shared with the world and studied.

There were still faint traces of Archimedes’ words on the pages.

He was reading an article about problems with the palimpsest and it said that there is iron in the original Archimedes’ ink.

The professor told a story about how the texts of a palimpsest of Archimedes’ writing were recovered. The ink Archimede used was made from spinach, which contains iron. If X-rays were spotted on the writing, a special light would be emitted from the original writing and diagram.

Art history class: Alice Neel painted portraits(100%)

She experienced difficulties as an artist, because of photography.

After photography became regarded as an art form, portrait painting became less prestigious, less respected as an art form.

And, well, art photography kind of took its place, so you can imagine that a portrait artist, would have had a hard time finding acceptance.

Her paintings’ chracteristic was the combination of realism and expressionism. In her paintings, bold color was used to paint special faces, and the body was streched.

But Neel wasn’t satisfied with photo-like realism, she went beyond that.

She believed in capturing the whole person, not just what was on the surface, that’s where the expressionists’ distortion is important, in an attempt to reveal the subjects’ character or personality.

Remember I said that photography and art photography had largely taken the place of portraiture, to the extent that some critics had declared the genre of portraiture to be dead.

But Neel felt that painting should reflect reality, a real realist’s stance you could say.

And to her, individuals, people best reflect the reality of their time, of the age that they lived in, so she painted portraits.

Questions:

What aspect of Alice Neel’s work does the class mainly discuss?
C. The style she used to portray her subjects.

What point does the professor make about photography and portraiture in the twentieth century?
B. Photography largely replaced the tradition of portrait painting.

According to the professor, what two aspects of Neel’s work are characteristic of Expressionism? Click on 2 answers.

  • C. The shape of the subjects’ bodies.
  • D. The use of color in the paintings.

According to the professor, why did Neel paint portraits?
A. She felt that it was the best way to represent a time period.

Why does the professor discuss the variety of people in Neel’s portraits?
D. To emphasize a distinctive feature of Neel’s body of work.

Portrait Artists and Portraiture: Cecilia Beaux

Words:

  • prestige 声望
  • well-known and successful
  • stand out 突出（成绩）

Sentences:

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1854, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

her subjects were …

she really stood out back in the 1800s.

And today, she is still considered one of the greatest portrait painters of her time, male or female

Well, artists have done portraits of people for centuries, of famous people and regular people, and most portraits convey the artists’ um… personal vision, like their feelings and insights about a person, like their feelings and insights about a person.

Great, that’s a crucial point, and I’d like to explore that a little today.

personal vision, like their feelings and insights about a person.

In fact, she was the first full-time female instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and she was a full member of the National Academy of Design.

These are pretty important institutions, so, yeah, she definitely made headway for women artists.

So tell me what’s the first thing that draws you to this painting? 那么请告诉我这幅画最吸引你的是什么？

What catches your eye first? 什么首先引起您的注意？

Besides her excellent technical skills, like her use of brush strokes and color to make an impression, both respectives come through.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Beaux used some impressionist techniques and share much of their philosophy, but her style, it was all her own.

Statue of Greek vs Statue of Rmoman

Greeek statues were more calm and detached more idealized version of the human body, whild the Romans had a more natural style depicting more realistic facial features and emotions.

Archimedes’ Palimpsest 阿基米德的重写本

He realized that the iron in the ancient ink would display if exposed to a certain X-ray imaging method, and except for small portions of the text that couldn’t be deciphered, this technique’s been very helpful in seeing Archimedes’ texts and drawings through the medieval over writing .

  • parchment 羊皮纸
  • papyrus scrolls 纸莎草卷轴

O’Keeffe’s painting

Professor: Oh. Well, O’Keeffe was really more of a painter.

教授：哦。好吧，欧姬芙真的更像是一个画家。

Paleolithic Cave Painting(旧石器时代的洞穴壁画)

  • People in the Paleolithic era may not have had time for art, and the placement of the paintings does not indicate that they were meant to be looked at.
  • Paleolithic artists chose to represent only a small segment of the natural world, and their paintings were not always strict imitations of nature.
  • Hunting was central to Paleolithic life, and animals are central to cave art, leading some to believe that the paintings were created to bring luck to hunters.

Renaissance Period: artwork

Human figures.

人物形象。

secular point of view 世俗的角度

A contrapposto pose basically entails showing a slight twist in the body.

一个对应的姿势基本上需要显示身体部分的一点点扭曲。

From there, Alberti suggested that the artists imagine attaching the tendons and muscles, then covering those with flesh and skin.

由此，阿尔伯蒂建议艺术家想象着去固定筋腱和肌肉，然后再用皮肉覆盖它们。

Pygmalion

According to the Pygmalion effect, if you believe that someone is capable of achieving greatness, then that person will indeed achieve greatness.

Sand paintings, which help participants in rituals recall traditional chants, are part of ceremonies designed to restore beauty and harmony.

Sand paintings, which are created by Navajo men, are faithful re-creations of earlier works and as such represent the principle of stability.

In Navajo culture, weaving is a female art and is associated with creativity and change.

renditions 演绎

Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dying of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. 纳瓦霍妇女拥有家庭的羊群，控制剪羊毛、梳理、纺纱、染线和织布。

Weaving is a paradigm(范例) of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider Woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky.

mandala 坛场

Giorgio Vasari

  • Anecdotes 奇闻逸事
  • glimpse 一瞥
  • private lives 私人生活
  • virtues and vices 美德与罪恶
  • story is so compelling 吸引人
  • who commissioned the painting 这幅画是谁委托的?

Fresco (Wall painting on plastic)

  • grand building 巨大建筑
  • apprentice 学徒

Shakespeare’s Portrait

here’s the twist 事情的转折点在于

spice things up a bit 让事情变得有趣一点

consider to be authentic

Through extensive testing, we know that the wood panel on which the Cobbe Portrait was painted comes from trees cut down during the late renaissance and that the oil paints used are also characteristic of that era.

balding man 秃顶男人

earl 伯爵

Realistic Works of Art in 1400s

  1. character
  2. setting(backround, linear perspective 线性透视)

Realism and Impressionism

What Are the Differences Between Realism and Impressionism?

Realism and Impressionism were both definitive 19th century art movements, but there are some fundamental differences between them.

Realists painted detailed portraits of lower-class subjects in dark, gritty, earthy tones to reflect the harsh reality of their lives, while Impressionism favored colorful images and pastel shades depicted with light, airy brushstrokes.

  • Realism Was Dark and Gritty Realism Was Dark and Gritty
  • Impressionism Was Light and Airy 印象派轻盈飘逸

Impressionists generally painted lighter, more frivolous subjects, celebrating outdoor leisure pursuits, café culture, the theatre and busy street life. Landscapes and gardens were also popular.

Realist paintings can be recognized for their distinctive palette of warm, dark and earthy tones, including black, brown, dark green and beige. These colors matched the true shades of nature, and reflected the Realists’ somber, serious subject matter. Meanwhile, the Impressionists rejected darker hues, and many banned black completely from their painting palette. Instead, they worked with pale, luminous and pastel shades, as can be seen in Claude Monet’s sparkling depictions of his water garden at Giverny.

I find Frantzen to be a very accessible(易接近的) artist.

Printmaking 版画

Intro to Printmaking

版画是透过印刷手段产生的视觉艺术形式, 而版画制作的过程也经历了不断的更新和发展。和其他视觉艺术所不同的是，版画是透过版面的反转或者漏透而制作的，也可以说它是具有间接性和复数性的。 常见的版画有蚀刻版画、油印木刻、水印木刻、黑白版画、套色版画等。

Printmaking is an artistic process based on the principle of transferring images from a matrix onto another surface, most often paper or fabric. Traditional printmaking techniques include woodcut, etching, engraving, and lithography, while modern artists have expanded available techniques to include screenprinting.

木刻、蚀刻、雕刻和平版印刷

  • Relief: 类似盖章，鞋底印
  • lithography
  • Intaglio
  • Silkscreen

Resources